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The Hill and Wang Critical Issues Series: concise, affordable works on pivotal topics in American history, society, and politics.

Stephanson explores the origins of Manifest Destiny--the American idea of providential and historical chosenness--and shows how and why it has been invoked over the past three hundred years. He traces the roots of Manifest Destiny from the British settlement of North America and the rise of Puritanism through Woodrow Wilson's efforts to "make the world safe for democracy" and Ronald Reagan's struggle against the "evil empire" of the Soviet Union. The result is a remarkable and necessary book about how faith in divinely ordained expansionism has marked the course of American history.

• Sales Rank: #1579980 in Books
• Published on: 1995-08
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 8.50" h x 6.00" w x .75" l,
• Binding: Hardcover
• 144 pages

From Library Journal
Stephanson (Kennan and the Art of Foreign Policy, Harvard Univ. Pr., 1989) turns his attention to an era not adequately covered in monographic form since Frederick Merk's Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History (1963). He traces the roots of manifest destiny from the British settlement of North America and the rise of Puritanism through Woodrow Wilson's efforts to "make the world safe for democracy" and Ronald Reagan's struggle against the "evil empire" of the Soviet Union. While earlier titles focus on the antebellum period of this misunderstood era of American history, Stephanson's work assumes a comprehensive perspective in a relatively slim volume. Unlike previous works, it emphasizes the role of Christianity as a principal ideological driving point. No footnotes are included, but there is a useful bibliographic essay. Overall, this is a good, innovative treatment of the topic. Highly recommended.?Daniel Liestman, Seattle Pacific Univ. Lib.
Copyright 1995 Reed Business Information, Inc.

From Booklist
In this concise essay, Stephanson explores the religious antecedents to America's quest to control a continent and then an empire. He interprets the two competing definitions of destiny that sprang from the Puritans' millenarian view toward the wilderness they settled (and natives they expelled). Here was the God-given chance to redeem the Christian world, and that sense of a special world-historical role and opportunity has never deserted the American national self-regard. But would that role be realized in an exemplary fashion, with America a model for liberty, or through expansionist means to create what Jefferson called "the empire of liberty" ? The antagonism bubbles in two periods Stephanson examines closely, the 1840s and 1890s. In those times, the journalists, intellectuals, and presidents he quotes wrestled with America's purpose in fighting each decade's war, which added territory and peoples that somehow had to be reconciled with the predestined future. A sophisticated analysis of American exceptionalism, for ruminators on the country's purpose in the world. Gilbert Taylor

Review
"A short yet powerful synthetic treatment of a fundamental though misunderstood theme in U.S. history. Stephanson's accent on the religious component of the ideology of Manifest Destiny is superb and relevant to our times."--Cornel West, author of Race Matters

"A fresh, imaginative, and stimulating look at a theme that has been important in American history from the Puritans through Reagan."--Walter LaFeber, Cornell University

"In this concise essay, Stephanson explores the religious antecedents to America's quest to control a continent and then an empire. He interprets the two competing definitions of destiny that sprang from the Puritans' millenarian view toward the wilderness they settled (and natives they expelled). Here was the God-given chance to redeem the Christian world, and that sense of a special world-historical role and opportunity has never deserted the American national self-regard. But would that role be realized in an exemplary fashion, with America a model for liberty, or through expansionist means to create what Jefferson called 'the empire of liberty'? The antagonism bubbles in two periods Stephanson examines closely, the 1840s and 1890s. In those times, the journalists, intellectuals, and presidents he quotes wrestled with America's purpose in fighting each decade's war, which added territory and peoples that somehow had to be reconciled with the predestined future. A sophisticated analysis of American exceptionalism, for ruminators on the country's purpose in the world."--Gilbert Taylor, Booklist

Most helpful customer reviews

7 of 8 people found the following review helpful.
An Important Look at American Exceptionalism
By Berniewentboom
Not exactly sure why the other reviews are so low and somewhat harsh. Stephanson writes a scholarly and detailed look at the backstory and subsequent growth of American exceptionalism through the lens of religious and economic fervor, all under the rabid umbrella of Manifest Destiny. A really good read.

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Five Stars
By Amazon Customer
Exactly what i needed! And it got here in a timely manner

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Five Stars
By Lillian Souza
Amazing book, It is part of my collection.

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>> Free PDF Advanced Techniques of Hypnosis and Therapy: Selected Papers of Milton H. Erickson, M.D., by Milton Erickson

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"This volume is the record of Dr. Erickson's forty-odd years of patient, persistent clinical research...What results is the most important book on clinical hypnosis that has appeared in many decades. His writings on hypnosis are the authoritative word on techniques of inducing trance, experimental work exploring the possibilities and limits of the hypnotic experience, and investigations of the nature of the relationship between hypnotist and subject.

• Sales Rank: #264641 in Books
• Published on: 1967-06
• Ingredients: Example Ingredients
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Binding: Hardcover
• 557 pages

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1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
It also gives a useful picture of Erickson through his research interests and papers ...
By Eric J. Cassell
One should not seriously use hypnosis without reading this book. You will come away knowing much more about hypnosis itself apart from its therapeutic uses. It also gives a useful picture of Erickson through his research interests and papers rather than the usual writing about Erickson which is by disciples. I think you will find good reasons in Erickson himself for admiring the man and his work. I have been using hypnosis therapeutically since the 1970s and I think anybody serious about the subject will benefit from this book.

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Still another of the Erickson books I had a long ...
By Amazon Customer
Still another of the Erickson books I had a long time ago and had never known what happened to it! I got this one Friday; it had been left in my mailbox, and I started reading it. What a wealth of information; I felt as if I were sitting in his office and observing more of his incredible work with various patients---and getting a lot more out of it than when I had first read it years ago. Definitely a "must" read.

0 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
Good
By Moses Kim
Good

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^^ Ebook Free Sales and Use Tax Answer Book (2006), by James T. Collins, John C. Healy Bruce M. Nelson

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The Sales and Use Tax Answer Book is the key reference source for which practitioner's have been searching. Not only is it comprehensive and clear; it also provides extensive formal cites to important case literature. Forty-five states and the District of Columbia impose a sales tax on the retail sale of tangible personal property and selected services. In addition, there are 7,500 cities, municipalities, towns, school districts, counties, and other special taxing districts that levy sales and use taxes. The varying rates, the changing jurisdictional boundaries, the different tax bases, and the often inconsistent and contradictory interpretations of similarly worded statutes are all covered. The book also includes a chapter on sales tax reforms, particularly the Streamlined Sales Tax Project. The 2006 edition of the Sales and Use Tax Answer Book contains new material on topics such as nexus, the "true object" test, Internet sales, bad debt deductions, discounts and rebates, resale sales, warranties and defining a retail sale. Along with nexus and electronic commerce, the Streamlined Sales Tax Project (SSTP) is the most interesting development in state and local tax. As such, the chapter on the SSTP has been significantly revised and updated in light of its implementation date of October 1, 2005. This update also adds more court cases to illustrate specific points and current controversies such as the continuing debate over affiliate or representational nexus and the distinction between construction and manufacturing.

• Sales Rank: #9700454 in Books
• Published on: 2005-12-05
• Binding: Paperback
• 594 pages

About the Author
Bruce M. Nelson, MA, CPA, is Manager of Tax Policy and Innovation for the Colorado Department of Revenue. Bruce earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, a Master's degree from Colorado State University, and is a certified public accountant in the state of Colorado. He is also on the adjunct faculty for Regis University where he teaches courses in individual, partnership, and corporate taxation. Bruce has worked in the state and local tax field for more than 20 years, first as a Senior Revenue Agent for the Colorado Department of Revenue and then as a Senior Tax Manager in Ernst & Young's Denver, Colorado office. He is a frequest speaker and teaches continuing education classes in state and local tax for the University of Denver's Graduate Tax Program and the Colorado Society of CPAs. Bruce has published more than 30 tax articles in many publications including the Journal of Accountancy, Tax Executive, Controller Magazine, the Journal of Multistate Taxation, State Tax Notes and Colorado Lawyer. Bruce is a member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, where he served on the State Tax Committee for four years. James T. Collins, JD, is the Executive Director of the Deloitte and Touche Center for Multistate Taxation at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Mr. Collins earned a Bachelor of Science degree in political science and a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Georgia. In addition, Mr, Collins is an adjunct professor of taxation in the School of Business Administration at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, where he has taught an interstate and local taxation course since 1980. He serves as the editor in chief and chairman of the editorial board of the Journal of State Taxation and as co-editor of the Journal of Property Tax Management. He was named the 1994 Corporate Wisconsin Tax Professional of the Year. Mr. Collins is the co-author of State and Local Tax Answer Book and Multistate Tax Guide to Pass-Through Entities. . John C. Healy, MST, CPA, is the Managing Director of the Deloitte and Touche Center for Multistate Taxation and a lecturer in the Graduate Tax Program at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, and is co-editor of CCH INCORPORATED's Multistate Corporate Tax Guide. Mr. Healy has more than 30 years of state and local tax experience and has held SALT management positions at Miller Brewing Company and General Electric Medical Systems. He has a Bachelor of Science degree in accounting from Marquette University and a Master of Science degree in taxation from the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. He is also a certified public accountant. Mr. Healey has published numerous articles in professional tax journals and is a past recipient of IPT's Literary Award. He is also the author of Surviiving the Sales Tax Audit in CCH INCORPORATED's Solutions for State and Local Taxation. Mr. Healey has served as an instructor in a variety of continuing professional education and university tax courses. He is a member of the AICPA and WICPA and is past chair of the WICPA Wisconsin Taxation Committee.

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@ Ebook The Cloud of Unknowing (The Classics of Western Spirituality), by James Walsh

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Written by an anonymous English monk during the late fourteenth century, The Cloud of Unknowing holds an important place in the history of both Western literature and spirituality.

Though originally intended for a select audience, the work's simple, engaging style has won it widespread popularity since its rediscovery more than a century ago. The Cloud puts forth a method of contemplation that stresses the impotence of the understanding to break through the cloud of unknowing that separates God and humanity. Rather, "it is love alone that can reach God in this life".

In his preface to this volume, Simon Tugwell sums up the challenge that the author of The Cloud presents us today: "If we wish to follow him, we must be prepared to be taxed to the limit. But if we have the courage and the ability to follow him, we shall not find that our efforts has been in vain."

• Sales Rank: #93794 in Books
• Published on: 1981-01-01
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 8.96" h x .84" w x 6.08" l, .97 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 320 pages

From the Back Cover
Written by an anonymous English monk during the late fourteenth century, 'The Cloud of Unknowing' holds an important place in the history of both Western literature and spirituality. Though originally intended for a select audience, the work's simple, engaging style has won it widespread popularity since it rediscovery more than century ago. 'The Cloud' puts forth a method of contemplation that stresses the impotence of the understanding to break through the cloud of unknowing that separates God and humanity. Rather, 'it is love alone that can reach God in this life.'

Most helpful customer reviews

6 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
Helps your prayer
By knowledge seeker
This is a great book which has helped me deepen my prayers. I tried another edition and could get nowhere. This is written in modern english. A word of advice; skim the intoduction and read the Cloud itself to get an overall sense of the book. Then reread the Cloud and all the footnotes before you tackle the introduction. Mortimer Adler said, if you want to own a book you need to read it 3 times. That is certainly the case with this and it is well worth the time. God bless.

26 of 29 people found the following review helpful.
An excellent reading of the cloud of unknowing
By A Customer
This was an excellent reading of this classic in Christian spirituality. The book itself is one of the foundations of contemplative prayer and was written for the more advanced. Even for us children in contemplation it is wonderful. The only problem with this tape is that it is abridged. This is such an important book it should be available in its complete state. (Publishers please read or listen to the intiial warnings of this unknown author).

11 of 11 people found the following review helpful.
Fine study edition of the Cloud
By Greg
The Cloud of Unknowing is a mystical tract from 14th century England, probably written by a Carthusian monk for a young novice. The work is about contemplative prayer and the mystical union with God through the path of via negativa, or letting go of all concepts, images and ideas of God and creatures and approaching God's bare essence or Being which is veiled in mysterious darkness.

This work is one of the finest works of mystical contemplation ever composed, and contains beautiful advice and wisdom relevant to modern contemplatives.

This edition also contains a valuable introduction to the Cloud which attempts to reconcile the Cloud author's theology with that of Thomism. While the Cloud author knew Thomism, intellectual theology was not so much his concern (though he is clearly aware of it through Thomas, Richard of St Victor, and Denys the Aeropagite) but mystical union with God. This is what makes the work so powerful spiritually, as does the author's obvious deep experience of the spiritual life.

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^ Free Ebook The Faithful Executioner: Life and Death, Honor and Shame in the Turbulent Sixteenth Century, by Joel F. Harrington

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Based on the rare and until now overlooked journal of a Renaissance-era executioner, the noted historian Joel F. Harrington's The Faithful Executioner takes us deep inside the alien world and thinking of Meister Frantz Schmidt of Nuremberg, who, during forty-five years as a professional executioner, personally put to death 394 individuals and tortured, flogged, or disfigured many hundreds more. But the picture that emerges of Schmidt from his personal papers is not that of a monster. Could a man who routinely practiced such cruelty also be insightful, compassionate―even progressive?
In The Faithful Executioner, Harrington vividly re-creates a life filled with stark contrasts, from the young apprentice's rigorous training under his executioner father to the adult Meister Frantz's juggling of familial duties with his work in the torture chamber and at the scaffold. With him we encounter brutal highwaymen, charming swindlers, and tragic unwed mothers accused of infanticide, as well as patrician senators, godly chaplains, and corrupt prison guards. Harrington teases out the hidden meanings and drama of Schmidt's journal, uncovering a touching tale of inherited shame and attempted redemption for the social pariah and his children. The Faithful Executioner offers not just the compelling firsthand perspective of a professional torturer and killer, but testimony of one man's lifelong struggle to reconcile his bloody craft with his deep religious faith.
The biography of an ordinary man struggling for his soul, this groundbreaking book also offers an unparalleled panoramic view of Europe on the cusp of modernity, a society riven by violent conflict at all levels and encumbered by paranoia, superstition, and abuses of power. Thanks to an extraordinary historical source and its gifted interpreter, we recognize far more of ourselves than we might have expected in this intimate portrait of a professional killer from a faraway world.

• Sales Rank: #652023 in Books
• Published on: 2013-03-19
• Released on: 2013-03-19
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 9.46" h x 1.64" w x 6.39" l, 1.00 pounds
• Binding: Hardcover
• 320 pages

From Booklist
Based on the journal of Frantz Schmidt, a Nuremburg executioner who died in the early seventeenth century, this endlessly fascinating book explores not just the life of a professional killer but also the times in which he lived. An executioner was not a thug with an axe; he was a highly skilled professional, trained in the arts of torture and interrogation and expert in dispensing death in a frightening variety of ways. Although executioners filled a vital societal need, they were considered outcasts (even though many of them were successful medical practitioners on the side). Schmidt executed more than 300 people, but, as Harrington reveals here, he was a good, ambitious man who dreamed of returning his family to the social status they enjoyed before Schmidt’s father became an executioner. A sort of real-life companion to Oliver Pötzsch’s 2010 novel The Hangman’s Daughter (which, like its sequels, is set in Germany in the mid-seventeeth century), the book opens a window on a profession and a period in history about which there are few primary sources. --David Pitt

Review

“Fascinating . . . Engrossing . . . Harrington brings out the sheer strangeness of the past . . . In The Faithful Executioner, Mr. Harrington has not only rescued the life of an individual from disgust and condescension but also, by focusing on a career in killing, brought a whole world back to life.” ―The Wall Street Journal

“Remarkable . . . [A] fascinating exploration . . . this is a surprisingly modern, even topical story that poses difficult questions about capital punishment and what Harrington calls ‘the human drive toward retribution.'” ―The Washington Post

“Fascinating . . . One of the pleasures of reading history is to be transported somewhere, even if we aren't sure we want to go.” ―The Chronicle of Higher Education

“Equal parts enlightening and enjoyable.” ―The Daily Beast

“[A] vividly drawn portrait . . . Harrington succeeds in deftly taking us beyond Schmidt's biography to address broader questions. Finely researched and crafted.” ―History Today

“A fascinating read.” ―Publishers Weekly

“Surprisingly poignant . . . A whole teeming world of Reformation Germany comes alive.” ―Kirkus Reviews

“This is a precious story that Harrington has drawn from the journal and archival records, a braiding of Schmidt's words with a re-creation of Schmidt's world, a story that is at once inclusive and atmospheric, deeply intimate and rare . . . It is a wonder-making world, made manifest by an artful historian's hand.” ―Barnes & Noble Review

“Who can imagine how an executioner feels about his trade? Joel F. Harrington has written a considered and fascinating book that helps us hear the voice of one such man, a professional torturer (and healer) who, astonishingly, kept a diary. Exploring both sixteenth-century Nuremberg and the world about the city, he re-creates the social context for the flamboyant displays of cruelty that later centuries find so hard to comprehend. Both the executioner and his victims are rescued from our condescension and restored to their own moral universe―which is not as far from ours as we like to suppose.” ―Hilary Mantel, Man Booker Prize–winning author Wolf Hall and Bring Up the Bodies

“A book as entertaining and revealing as it is improbable and outrageous. Joel F. Harrington has told a marvelous yarn, giving us not just the compelling biography of Meister Frantz but his world.” ―Rick Atkinson, Pulitzer Prize–winning author of The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943–1944

“In an astonishing feat of historical reconstruction, Joel F. Harrington uniquely draws us into the emotional world of a man paid to kill professionally--into his troubled sense of achievement and shame. This compelling book is brilliant reading for everyone interested in new ways of thinking about the past as well as crime and punishment today.” ―Ulinka Rublack, author of Dressing Up: Cultural Identity in Renaissance Europe

“The Faithful Executioner masterfully conjures the heavy stench and bustle of a sixteenth-century southern German city--waterlogged roads, smoky marketplaces, blood-lusty masses laden with bizarre superstitions--via the Lebenslauf of a curious figure: Meister Frantz Schmidt, Nuremburg's state executioner from 1578 to 1617. With the help of Schmidt's private journal, Joel F. Harrington revivifies both the detailed and the abstract with enviable scholarship and style. This is social history at its very best: weird, riveting, addictive.” ―R. Jay Magill Jr., author of Sincerity

About the Author

Joel F. Harrington is a professor of history at Vanderbilt University. He is the author of The Unwanted Child, winner of the 2010 Roland H. Bainton Prize for History, as well as Reordering Marriage and Society in Reformation Germany and A Cloud of Witnesses. He lives with his wife and two children in Nashville, Tennessee.

Most helpful customer reviews

28 of 29 people found the following review helpful.
Like stepping back into another, darker, time. Excellent book.
By D. Graves
Some books are engrossing: you don't want to stop reading. This is as engrossing a book as you'll ever read - and it's non-fiction.

Think of it: the diary of an executioner of the late 1500s to early 1600s - a time when thousands were brutally tortured and put to death by barbaric means - has been preserved. Further, the man and his journal entries are then made the centerpiece of a detailed and captivating social history of the time and place in which he carried out his 361 executions, a history entirely different than what the common reader might expect. This is, in fact, what this excellent book is all about. As a lover of history, I cannot recommend this volume highly enough; it is like stepping back into another, darker, time.

The story of Meister Frantz Schmidt (b. 1555, d. 1634), executioner of Nuremberg from 1578 to 1617 (after a bloody "apprenticeship" in Bamberg from 1573 to 1578) is one you will not soon forget. It is not a story for the squeamish. However, the author does not serve horror for horror's sake: the times were, in fact, horrific. Executions were carried out by garoting (rope), sword, breaking wheel (for the most violent of criminals), burning (for those considered worse than violent criminals: counterfeiters and homosexuals), and drowning. Schmidt made diary entries for each of his 361 executions, the latter ones more detailed than the earlier, as well as for the 345 "light" punishments of cutting off an ear or finger, or flogging. However, these violent events only punctuate the social history of Schmidt's life and times; not only the crimes and criminals which kept the executioner steadily employed (and, in fact, fairly wealthy) but the societal structure of crime and punishment and of the executioner's place in that society.

Frantz Schmidt was a truly fascinating man who, after retirement as executioner, became a man of medicine, and who, upon his death, was given a state funeral. His diaries have been published since 1801. However, it is the expertise of a historian, the author, which gives us such an engrossing, well-rounded picture of the man and his times. One of the best books on history I have ever read.

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Four Stars
By heather ruth
from childhood to death, a very interesting examination of the mind and life of a 17th century executioner.

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
I enjoyed reading the book over a period of several days...didn't have to stay up late to see what happened next
By Joe Briscoe
It was historical...just an account of this family involvement...

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>> Free PDF American Transcendentalism: A History, by Philip F. Gura

Free PDF American Transcendentalism: A History, by Philip F. Gura

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American Transcendentalism: A History, by Philip F. Gura

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American Transcendentalism is a sweeping narrative history of America's first group of public intellectuals, the men and women who defined American literature and indelibly marked American reform in the decades before and following the American Civil War. Philip F. Gura masterfully traces their intellectual genealogy to transatlantic religious and philosophical ideas, illustrating how these informed the fierce theological debates that, so often first in Massachusetts and eventually throughout America, gave rise to practical, personal, and quixotic attempts to improve, even perfect the world. The transcendentalists would painfully bifurcate over what could be attained and how, one half epitomized by Ralph Waldo Emerson and stressing self-reliant individualism, the other by Orestes Brownson, George Ripley, and Theodore Parker, emphasizing commitment to the larger social good.

By the 1850s, transcendentalists turned ever more exclusively to abolition, and by war's end transcendentalism had become identified exclusively with Emersonian self-reliance, congruent with the national ethos of political liberalism and market capitalism.

• Sales Rank: #701044 in Books
• Brand: Gura, Philip F.
• Published on: 2008-09-02
• Released on: 2008-09-02
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 8.50" h x .87" w x 5.50" l, .81 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 392 pages

From Publishers Weekly
Starred Review. Gura (Jonathan Edwards) has written possibly the best single volume on the Transcendentalists. Though he analyzes the essays and lectures of Emerson, Fuller and the Alcotts, Gura (a professor of literature at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill) also introduces lesser-known figures who were influenced by their thought. These fellow travelers help explain how the influence of Transcendentalism eventually spread beyond a handful of Boston intellectuals: businessman William B. Greene translated Transcendentalist values into economic thinking with the production of pamphlets like Mutual Banking and Equality, and Eliza Thayer Clapp, a Unitarian Sunday school teacher, integrated Transcendentalist ideas into girls' religious instruction. Gura situates Transcendentalism against the backdrop of American Protestantism, showing how the movement emerged in part from early–19th-century debates about how to read the Bible. He also explores Transcendentalists' involvement in all manner of reform movements, including women's rights and, in the 1850s, abolition. When the Civil War won that battle, they turned away from social engagement for several decades, and the individualism of Transcendentalism unwittingly underwrote the postbellum political economy of market capitalism. Gura's fresh, penetrating analysis will reshapes our understanding American of intellectual history and the 19th century. 8 pages of b&w illus. (Nov.)
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From Bookmarks Magazine
Philip F. Gura’s bona fides are impeccable. He is professor of American literature and culture at the University of North Carolina and has written books on transcendentalism, early American history, and the American theologian Jonathan Edwards. Far from being one of those ubiquitous, cleverly packaged academic tomes in sheep’s clothing, Gura’s book breathes life into an important period in American history. Even though Gura limits his study to around 300 pages (plus notes), a strategy that results in a "lean, impassioned prose chockablock with anecdote and information" (Washington Post), a couple of critics still wonder if the lay reader’s interest will hold. What is the best reason for us to read this synthesis? "The deepest scholarship, like the greatest art, not only enriches our lives," The Washington Post’s Michael Dirda reminds us, "but also implicitly asks us to examine them, even to cross-examine them."
Copyright © 2004 Phillips & Nelson Media, Inc.

Review

“The best collective biography on the group published in modern times.” ―The Atlanta Journal-Constitution

“A perfect companion to Louis Menand's The Metaphysical Club.” ―Kirkus Reviews

Most helpful customer reviews

65 of 68 people found the following review helpful.
The philosophies that inspired Emerson, Thoreau, & all the rest
By Corinne H. Smith
It's the question that you dread to be asked, if you're a follower of Emerson or Thoreau: "What the heck IS transcendentalism, anyway? Where did it come from?" You stutter and you stammer and you explain what the concept means to you, which is probably not what someone else would say. And you hope that if the inquirer was merely being polite, you won't have to launch into any further details about the influence of German, French, and English writers and philosophers on New England Unitarians in the 1830s. If you're lucky, you'll be able to steer the conversation toward a safer topic. Like the contemporary political scene. Or the war in Iraq.

Phil Gura has made our lives much easier by publishing this history of the American transcendentalist movement. Now all the loose ends are tied up in this one, valuable volume. He traces those European ideas back to their sources, then shows how they surfaced in America. Those were the days when folks read pieces of literature and philosophy in their original languages, and aspiring scholars took the time to translate those works into English. Those were the days when religious debate was a common occurrence, and men of the cloth published opinionated pamphlets that others vocally supported or viciously denigrated in the popular press or in their own esoteric periodicals. American religions were still in a period of evolution and transition, and the Transcendentalists emerged as a result. You'll have to read this book to find out how that happened.

And while you're poring over it, you should also have one of the published compendiums by your side: either Lawrence Buell's "The American Transcendentalists: Essential Writings" or Joel Myerson's "Transcendentalism: A Reader." That way, you'll be able to read the actual selections referred to throughout the text. It will all make sense, and you will come away with a more complete understanding of the individuals many people feared could do undue damage to American religious thought in the mid-1800s.

Perhaps one of the most useful parts of the book comes early, when Gura identifies the Transcendentalists by name on pages 7 and 8. It's nice to have a succinct list, and it sets the stage for those players to resurface throughout the text. Transcendentalism was bigger than Emerson and Thoreau, and it included both men and women. According to Gura, transcendentalism was embodied by: Amos Bronson Alcott, Cyrus Bartol, Charles Timothy Brooks, Orestes Brownson, William Ellery Channing, William Henry Channing, James Freeman Clarke, Christopher Cranch, Caroline Healey Dall, John Sullivan Dwight, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Convers Francis, Margaret Fuller, William Henry Furness, William Batchelder Greene, Frederic Henry Hedge, Sylvester Judd, Charles King Newcomb, Samuel Osgood, Theodore Parker, Elizabeth Palmer Peabody, George Ripley, Sophia Ripley, Samuel Robbins, Caleb Stetson, Thomas T. Stone, Caroline Sturgis, Ellen Sturgis, Henry David Thoreau, Jones Very, Anna Ward, and Charles Stearns Wheeler. Transcendentalism's "second generation" was represented by Moncure Conway, Octavius Brooks Frothingham, Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Samuel Johnson, Samuel Longfellow, Franklin Sanborn, David Wasson, and John Weiss. Once you know the WHO, you can attend to the WHERE and WHY.

This book will no doubt become one of the standards on the subject and a welcome update to Frothingham's 1876 "Transcendentalism in New England: A History." Scholars of American literature, philosophy, or religion should put this title on their to-read lists.

30 of 31 people found the following review helpful.
American Transcendentalism
By Robin Friedman
In "American Transcendentalism: A History" Philip Gura, has written a learned and detailed account that is both inspiring and critical of an important movement in American thought. Gura is the William Newman Distinguished Professor of American Literature and Culture at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Many readers have only a vague notion of what the Transcendentalist movement was about together with a notion that Emerson and Thoreau were at its center. Gura shows that the movement was, indeed, quite loose, with many people finding many different meanings and goals in Transcendentalism. He also shows that Emerson was, at least initially, not at the center of the movement and that he differed from many of his fellow Transcendentalists in key ways. The movement flourished from the 1830s to the 1850s, was basically subsumed by the Civil War, and then reappeared in several modified forms in post-War American. Ultimately, it was largely replaced (or modified) as the paradigmatic American philosophy by William James and his fellow pragmatists.

Transcendentalism was a form of philosophical idealism which stressed the immediacy of individual consciousness as a means of understanding what was valuable in experience. In addition to its subjectivism, transcendentalism had a strong universalist component as it found that every person would share essentially the same intuitions of value and meaning if they looked inside themselves. Transcendentalists opposed the empiricism of John Locke, which they found despiritualized people and reality, and they opposed as well conservative Calvinist theology. Broadly speaking, the movement sought a spirituality not tied to the teachings of a specific organized religion or to a claimed revelation. Teachings that lead towards this goal are still highly attractive to many Americans, and the Transcendentalists thus amply deserve a hearing to see what may be learned from them.

Gura's book is full of intellectual and spiritual excitement as young unitarian scholars and ministers learned of and translated works of German and other European scholars on the Higher Criticism of the Bible and on philosophical idealism subsequent to Kant. It is inspiring to read of such intellectual ferment and growth. Early Transcendentalists, such as George Ripley, sponsored large-scale projects to translate the work of German thinkers, critics, and poets into English for American readers. Schliermacher and Swedenborg, although perhaps not the leading influences on the Transcendentalists, were among those who most fascinated me in Gura's account.

Much of Gura's history shows how the Transcendentalists ultimately diverged over issues of social activism. Many Transcendentalist thinkers were devoted, given their commitment to the equality of people, to social change and to reform. This led to Ripley's experiment at Brook Farm and to the work of preachers such as Theodore Parker to work for better social conditions for the poor and to oppose the Mexican War and slavery.
Emerson and his followers tended to be skeptical of social activism and to turn inward. It was more than a difficult task, for Emerson, for every person to work on cultivating him or herself before trying to impact the behavior of others. This tension in approach between self and other-directedness is, of course, still much alive.

Besides the history of the movement, I found most intruiging the lengthy summaries Gura offers of the primary works resulting from the movement. He discusses works such as Emerson's essays and Thoreau's Walden (which Gura says "embodies a love affair with America as the writer struggles to square his devotion to conscience with the republican ideals on which the nation was founded." p. 269) and the writings of the early feminist Margaret Fuller. But Gura also introduces the reader to the work of Theodore Parker, Orestes Brownson, and Bronson Alcott. A host of lesser-known but fascinating writers are also included, such as the novelist Sylvester Judd the minister William Greene, who became fascinated with Jewish mysticism and wrote a work called "The Blazing Star, with an Appendix Treating of the Jewish Kabbala" (1872) the teacher Eliza Thayer Clapp, Samuel Johnson (1822-1882), an early student of comparative religion, and Octavius Frothingham, a religious thinker in his own right and the first historian of Transcendentalism. I wanted to hear more of, and to read, these and other Transcendentalists that find a place in Gura's history.

Many historians of American philosophy, such as Bruce Kuklick in his "History of Philosophy in America" make a great deal of the split between a philosophy of individualism -- contemplation of the relationship between science and religion and of the good life for the individual -- and a call for social action, as exemplified, for some, in the philosophy of John Dewey, in understanding the United States and its intellectual history. This tension first played itself out in the Transcendentalist movement and it continued, as Gura points out, through the pragmatists. Emerson's thought was appropriated, probably unfairly, as supporting the materialism and lust for success of post-Civil War America.

In their quest both for spiritual awareness and for social justice, the Transcendentalists still have much to teach. Gura's thoughtful book will provide a gateway into Transcendentalism for many readers.

Robin Friedman

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Five Stars
By frank snyder
fine

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## PDF Ebook Trickster Travels: A Sixteenth-Century Muslim Between Worlds, by Dr. Natalie Zemon Davis

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An engrossing study of Leo Africanus and his famous book, which introduced Africa to European readers Al-Hasan al-Wazzan--born in Granada to a Muslim family that in 1492 went to Morocco, where he traveled extensively on behalf of the sultan of Fez--is known to historians as Leo Africanus, author of the first geography of Africa to be published in Europe (in 1550). He had been captured by Christian pirates in the Mediterranean and imprisoned by the pope, then released, baptized, and allowed a European life of scholarship as the Christian writer Giovanni Leone. In this fascinating new book, the distinguished historian Natalie Zemon Davis offers a virtuoso study of the fragmentary, partial, and often contradictory traces that al-Hasan al-Wazzan left behind him, and a superb interpretation of his extraordinary life and work.  Davis describes all the sectors of her hero's life in rich detail, scrutinizing the evidence of al-Hasan's movement between cultural worlds; the Islamic and Arab traditions, genres, and ideas available to him; and his adventures with Christians and Jews in a European community of learned men and powerful church leaders. In depicting the life of this adventurous border-crosser, Davis suggests the many ways cultural barriers are negotiated and diverging traditions are fused.

• Sales Rank: #1279615 in Books
• Brand: Brand: Hill and Wang
• Published on: 2006-03-21
• Released on: 2006-03-21
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 1.51" h x 6.36" w x 9.30" l,
• Binding: Hardcover
• 448 pages

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• Used Book in Good Condition

From Publishers Weekly
Davis (The Return of Martin Guerre) performs a sterling service in disentangling the twisted threads of al-Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Wazzan's fascinating life. Better known in the West as Leo Africanus, he was one of the Renaissance's greatest geographers and the author of a Europe-wide bestseller, The Description of Africa (1550). Born a Muslim in Granada in 1492, al-Hasan al-Wazzan traveled widely as an ambassador and merchant throughout Africa, a continent then a mystery to Europeans, but was captured by Spanish pirates in 1518, presented to Pope Leo X and ostensibly converted to Christianity while explaining Islam to his bewildered audience. Al-Hasan al-Wazzan had the (mis)fortune to live in "interesting times": the Ottomans were on the march, the Habsburgs were on the rise and the Protestants were alarming the pope, yet al-Hasan al-Wazzan managed to flit among a myriad of worlds (including, Davis speculates, taking a formerly Jewish wife). Eventually, he returned to a North Africa riven by turmoil and slaughter, and disappeared from our view. He rose above hard-drawn lines and presented "himself simply as an independent polymath," says Davis, and his life provides a lesson in the "possibility of communication and curiosity in a world divided by violence." 16 pages of b&w illus., 2 maps. (Mar.)
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

From The New Yorker
In 1518, al-Hasan al-Wazzan, a diplomat of the Sultan of Fez, was kidnapped in the Mediterranean by pirates, who brought him to Pope Leo X. Al-Wazzan had travelled extensively in Africa, and was able to provide firsthand intelligence on the geography and politics of the infidel region. Leo Africanus, as he became known, remained in Rome for the next nine years, converted from Islam to Christianity (he was baptized by the Pope himself), and compiled his "Description of Africa," a collection of learning, hearsay, and personal anecdote that shaped European ideas about Africa for centuries. Few facts exist to illuminate Leo's actual life in Rome, but Davis fills us in on the scholars with whom he may have conversed and the social mores to which he would have had to adjust, arriving at a portrait of "a man with a double vision," straddling two warring cultures.
Copyright © 2006 The New Yorker

From Booklist
The Renaissance geographer known in the West as Leo Africanus, the author of The Description of Africa, the first geography of Africa to be published in Europe, was born al-Hassan al Wazzan in Granada into a Muslim family that moved to Morocco in 1492. He was captured by Christian pirates in the Mediterranean and imprisoned by the pope. When released, he was baptized and lived a life of scholarship under the Christian name of Giovanni Leone. Davis, a history professor, posits that her purpose is to portray his place in the sixteenth-century society of North Africa, peopled by Berbers, Andalusians, Arabs, Jews, and blacks, and with "Europeans eating away at its borders." With 16 pages of black-and-white illustrations and 100 pages of notes, Davis has brilliantly re-created the man and his world. George Cohen
Copyright © American Library Association. All rights reserved

Most helpful customer reviews

41 of 44 people found the following review helpful.
Fascinating but Frustrating
By Sam A. Mawn-Mahlau
This book does its best to wipe the cobwebs off the figure generally known in the West as Leo Africanus, a man raised in Fez by a family displaced from Muslim Spain during the Christian conquest, who travels widely as a diplomat through Africa, and then is brought to Rome as a captive where he authors a number of fascinating books, including a book on Africa and his African travels. This is a meticulously researched book, replete with voluminous footnotes full of both detail and inciteful asides.

However, the book is doomed to fail in its central project from the outset: even after the author's diligent research and careful writing, Leo Africanus remains hidden behind the folds of cleo's gown. The underlying documentation of his life is simply too sparse. Too much of "Trickster" is too speculative. Too little of the book relies on quotations of the subject's own words. Too many threads are started but then reluctantly abandoned by Zemon-Davis because of unavailable or incomplete sources. Most of what survives today of Leo Africanus is simply his work, his books written in Rome, and getting beyond the work to the man himself may simply be beyond the ability of any historian.

However, Zemon-Davis is crystal clear throughout the book as to where she is speculating or supposing and where she has evidence, and what her evidence is, and she does incorporate a number of useful quotations. Every sentance of this book is the work of a truly diligent professional historian.

While failing in its central project, the book succeeds in helping us to visualize and understand key elements of the age, and Zemon-Davis does a great job (particuarly in those wonderful footnotes) of bringing to life both the life of an Andalusian family in Fez and the life of intellectual circles in 16th century Rome. Reading the book, I was struck on page after page with interesting thoughts and questions; the book truly sparked my curiosity. What of all those differing translations of Leo Africanus' work? What might they say about the societies in which they were written? What of all that poetry referenced by Leo Africanus? How did that Arabic poetic sensibility influence the Christian regions it touched? And What of those African civilizations he visited?

I am left wondering if this very good book Zemon-Davis has written might have been a truly great book if its focus shifted just slightly from this fascinating but inscrutable man, perhaps acknowledging and acceding to the limitations of the existing research material. Her title refers to "a sixteenth-century muslim between worlds", but it is the two worlds more than the subject himself that she best elucidates.

And so, despite its flaws, reading this book has been a pleasure, and I can recommend the book to others very highly, though I still suspect that had the author conceived the work as more of a history and less of biography, it just might have been a classic on the same scale as her "Return of Martin Guerre." And so I withhold the fifth star, and give this one a very solid four stars.

4 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
Disappointing Work by a Distinguished Historian
By Simple Scholar
Natalie Zemon Davis is not the first historian to examine the life al-Wazzan. Her contribution to the study of early modern history comes, rather, from her interpretation of al-Wazzan’s life. She suggests that al-Wazzan’s conversion was not completely genuine. Caught between the tensions and contradictions of the Christian and Islamic worldviews, al-Wazzan, Davis argues, attempted to avoid public conflict and denouncement of either religion. In his writings, he attempted to “build a bridge for himself, one that he could cross in either direction” (114). His writings are, therefore, esoteric. They employ the Arabic concept of hila, or stratagem. On the one hand, his scholarship integrated Arabic storytelling into the Western world, synthesizing Christian and Muslim thought. On the other hand, al-Wazzan wrote his treatises carefully and cautiously, lest Christians or Muslims challenged his orthodoxy. Davis argues convincingly that al-Wazzan’s corpus needs to be examined with his autobiography in mind.

While Davis’ book is engaging, “Trickster Travels” partakes in several of the pitfalls of cultural history. Above all, Davis employs too much conjecture in her book. For example, in her long – and virtually unnecessary – chapter on sex, Davis, drawing on the slang al-Wassan uses in his "Geography," raises the possibility that al-Wazzan frequented the brothels of Rome and Africa and that he may have engaged in homosexual activity or had suppressed homoerotic desires. While he may have had such tendencies, Davis does not provide enough evidence to support this claim. The second pitfall of cultural history present in Davis’ book is that the modern concept of ‘identity’ is imposed on al-Wassan’s life. Although Davis does show that al-Wassan realized that he was caught in between worlds, she does not demonstrate that al-Wassan viewed himself as an ‘individual’ in the modern sense of the word. Al-Wassan seems less concerned with identity politics and more concerned with the more philosophical question of what is truth.

These faults aside, Davis’s book is a fine monograph. Davis’s prose is clear and easy to read. The book, printed by a major publishing house, is accessible to a wide reading audience and could be used in an undergraduate class to introduce students to global history in the sixteenth century. Despite being a work of popular history, the work is an impressive product of world-class scholarship. There are one hundred pages of notes, a small glossary of Arabic words, and an extraordinary bibliography of primary and secondary sources.

6 of 12 people found the following review helpful.
With So Much Gossamer, Really a 2 1/2 Star
By Grey Wolffe
This book starts out with the mention of "King Manuel I of Portugal presenting Pope Leo X with a white elephant from India". I know that Professor Zemon Davis (ZD) didn't intent this as irony but it is. Most of this book, a white elephant in itself, is based on heresy, guesses and flights of fantasy. The only parts of the book that she is truly able to document are the nine years that 'Leo Africanus: Giovanni Leone" spent in Europe, with seven of those being in Italy.

While in Italy he is purported to have written "Description of Africa" which was considered one of the few books written in Europe in the sixteenth century to document the Geography and sociology of North Africa. The book was written in Italian by the slave "Yuhanna al-Asad" who was born in Granada (Spain), brought up in Fez (Morocco) and captured by Christian pirates and given as a gift to Pope Leo X. This is the extent of what is known about our hero.

ZD spends over two hundred and seventy pages telling us this story that could be contained in a paragraph. The rest of the book are her musing on the Roman Catholic Church and the machinasation of the church curia over how to counter Martin Luther and to recapture North Africa and the Holy Land from the Moslems.

If your interested in this book read the Intro and the Chapters on Italy and the Comparison between Islam and Christianity, and skip the rest. As an example of the 'wistfulness' of this book, ZD spends sixteen pages on his 'return' after telling us that nothing is known about what happened to him after he left Italy.

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The purpose of this book is to suggest ways of finding the treasure in what we may consider an unlikely field--ourselves. Through many practical suggestions for heightened prayer, including Ignatian exercises and Jungian exploration, God of Surprises guides readers along the inner journey which reveals to us a God we may not have expected to find.

• Sales Rank: #1513450 in Books
• Brand: Brand: Paulist Pr
• Published on: 1986-04
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Binding: Hardcover
• 176 pages

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22 of 22 people found the following review helpful.
Introduction to Ignatian Spirituality
By Pamela B. Garrud
This book is primarily a lay-person's guide to Ignatian contemplative prayer. However, it can also be read simply as an uplifting book on spirituality and the nature of the relationship between human beings and God. Another reviewer said this book is a "touchstone" and I agree. This book is filled with the love of God and the exercises help point to Christ and to God's infinite grace.

36 of 37 people found the following review helpful.
This book is what America is searching for.
By A Customer
I am indeed surprised that I am the first person to review this book for America. I am a priest in Scotland and wish to recommend this book to everyone, of all faiths and none. Gerry Hughes dispenses with the 'God who punishes', the God who has been portrayed by mainstream religion for centuries, nay millennia, who wouldn't even make a half decent next door neighbour. This is Christianity with depth - and no place for superstition. If you have ever sat in a church listening to a preacher talking nonsense and wanted to challenge his sermon, read this book. Gerry seems to invite people to listen to the biggest pulpit anyone could find, - the pulpit which stands in each person's own heart and conscience. Break free from the shackles of religion by terror and meet the God of Surprises. The big surprise is : You're okay, don't listen to those who would load burdens of guilt on your shoulders, and......... it's okay to question the teachings of people who wear black frocks and white collars. I hope this book becomes a best seller across the pond.

12 of 13 people found the following review helpful.
From Dark Ignorance to Light and Knowledge
By Mercy W. Jaji
I recommend this book for every Christian, for every need and for everyone. This book allows you to see into your very soul and deal with its contents on your own with God as help. This book offends the mind but reveals the heart - making it safe to surrender yourself unashamed for help when you see the truth staring you in the face. My bonds were broken when I read this book. My heart was set free to love the God of Surprises, who truly subsequently after reading this book and doing as it says has done Nothing but SURPRISE ME. God is Good. He truly does not condemn us, but He bids us come to Him for that deliverance from hurts, from greed, from unexplained pain, from every destruction that threatens. I found how every pain was meant to be an invitation. Every party has some surprise. So does an invitation to grow in faith. With this book, you learn how to accept an invitation from God.

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