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The first in-depth historical account of the events that inspired Toni Morrison's novel Beloved.

In the middle of a frigid Sunday night in January 1856, a twenty-two-year-old Kentucky slave named Margaret Garner gathered up her family and raced north, toward Cincinnati and freedom. But Margaret's master followed just hours behind and soon had the fugitives surrounded. Thinking all was lost, Margaret seized a butcher knife and nearly decapitated her two-year-old daughter, crying out that she would rather see her children dead than returned to slavery. She was turning on her other three children when slave catchers burst in and subdued her.

Margaret Garner's child-murder electrified the United States, inspiring the longest, most spectacular fugitive-slave trial in history. Abolitionists and slaveholders fought over the meaning of the murder, and the case came to symbolize the ills of the Union in those last dark decades before the Civil War. Newspaper columnists, poets, and dramatists raced to interpret Margaret's deeds, but by the century's end they were all but forgotten. Steven Weisenburger is the first scholar to delve into this astonishing story in more than a century. Weisenburger integrates his innovative archival discoveries into a dramatic narrative that paints a nuanced portrait of the not-so-genteel Southern culture of slavery and its destructive effect on all who lived in and with it.

• Sales Rank: #377221 in Books
• Published on: 1999-09-01
• Released on: 1999-09-01
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 8.50" h x .83" w x 5.50" l, 1.05 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 368 pages

Features

• ISBN13: 9780809069545
• Condition: New
• Notes: BRAND NEW FROM PUBLISHER! 100% Satisfaction Guarantee. Tracking provided on most orders. Buy with Confidence! Millions of books sold!

Amazon.com Review
"This is a story of slavery and child-murder, and it begins in northern Kentucky."

Toni Morrison's Beloved was based on a real incident: an 1856 infanticide committed by 22-year-old Margaret Garner, a runaway slave who, when recapture was imminent, cut her daughter's throat with a butcher's knife. "The ensuing public opinion battle raged for months," writes Steven Weisenburger. For the abolitionist movement, "no case more incisively revealed the pathology of slavery, and no deeds better symbolized the slave's tragic heroism." But to those in favor of slavery, "her deeds demonstrated that slaves were subhuman. Only a beast would kill its offspring, they reasoned, so Margaret's child-murder proved the bondservant's need for Southern slavery's kindly paternal authority."

Weisenburger's account of Garner's life has a novelistic flair of its own, laying out the facts in crisp detail. He guides readers through the controversial month-long trial and its aftermath, with her return into bondage and, for a time, obscurity. Modern Medea provides a rich understanding of the realities of life in the antebellum South and the legal and cultural battles that took place over the institution of slavery.

From Library Journal
The events that inspired Toni Morrison's Pulitzer Prize-winning Beloved (LJ 9/1/87), recently released as a film starring Oprah Winfrey, are the subject of this true account by Weisenburger (English, Univ. of Kentucky; Fables of Subversion: Satire and the American Novel, Univ. of Georgia, 1995). The gruesome act of Margaret Garner, who killed her children rather than allowing them to be slaves ("Let us go to God rather than go back to slavery"), touched off a firestorm of controversy just a few years before the Civil War. Weisenburger is the first scholar to attend to this drama that uncovered dirty truths about our nation's past and the burning drive to escape bondage. He details not only the crime of infanticide and a desperate mother but skillfully portrays the country, the South, and the lives of both slaves and whites. Weisenburger integrates scholarly research and a fine narrative approach in relating this "drama of disunion, a prelude to fratricidal war."?Kay Meredith Dusheck, Univ. of Iowa, Anamosa
Copyright 1998 Reed Business Information, Inc.

From Booklist
In Beloved (1987), Toni Morrison drew on a long-forgotten historical incident to produce a fictional masterpiece. In Modern Medea, English professor Weisenburger explores that incident and its impact on contemporaries. In January 1856, a family of slaves named Garner left Kentucky and crossed the Ohio River to Cincinnati. Within 24 hours, a posse knocked on the door of the relatives' home where they had stopped. The Garners resisted. When the posse burst in, it found that Margaret Garner had cut the throat of her three-year-old daughter, Mary, and cut, but not seriously injured, older sons Tom and Sam; she did not want them to return to slavery. The capture, court action, and return of the Garners to their owner was a cause celebre, symbolizing different certainties for slavery's attackers and defenders. Recent studies of domestic life under slavery and records of the court cases and the (better-documented) lives of the white Southerners and Northerners involved are among Weisenburger's sources in recapturing what Margaret Garner did that day. Mary Carroll

Most helpful customer reviews

4 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
A true story of slavery and infanticide
By gac1003
In February 1857, slave Margaret Garner fled from her master Archibald Gaines's Kentucky plantation. She, her husband Robert, his parents, and their four children crossed the frozen Ohio River in Cincinnati, hiding out in the cabin of one of Margaret's cousins, a free black. Gaines quickly trailed them to the cabin, and, in one quick moment, Margaret picked up a knife and killed one of her children, not wanting any of them to go back into slavery.
In "Modern Medea," author Steven Weisenburger uses court documents, newspaper stories and other sources from the time to examine this almost-forgotten trail that challenged the 1850 Fugitive Slave Law. We follow along with the entire trial, seeing all the tricks that both defense and prosecution lawyers used to either bring a quick end to proceedings or to protract them in order to keep the Garners on free soil. The trail also gives us an interesting look into politics, the pro-slavery mindset, abolitionism view, and the media perception and bias of the time.
What I found most interesting about this book is that the trial to determine whether or not the Garner's were still the property of Archibald Gaines took precedent over the charge of infanticide. The outcome would have a profound effect not only on state's rights but would spark a tiny flame leading up to the American Civil War. And even after the trial was concluded, the media, poets such as Elizabeth Barret Browning, and other authors used the events to add fuel to the ever-growing debate on slavery.
But, it still remains a little-known trial, falling into the dust of history in part due to public "whitening" of the events and to the events of the Dred Scott decision almost a year later. Yet author Toni Morrison helped to revive interest in this trial by modeling one of the characters in her novel "Beloved" after the ghost of Margaret's slain daughter, Mary.
The book sometimes reads more like a college text and asks many questions that are never answered. But the amount of information surrounding the trial and concerning the battle of state's rights versus federal law make this a great book to read.

7 of 7 people found the following review helpful.
The story behind (or beside) Morrison's Beloved
By A Customer
Weisenburger, with a meticulous eye and a careful hand, vividly retells the story of Margaret Garner, whose case (or rather, one account of whose case) was the seed from which Toni Morrison grew the central stalk of her novel Beloved. It is not exactly facts that he gives us -- Weisenburger is too careful a critic, too aware of the complex nature of the historical record -- but around what facts can be found, he has written a novel of his own, one which richly complements Morrison's though-experiment with the historical legacy of slavery.
Garner's case, though little recalled today, was far better known in its day than many readers of Morrison's novel may realize. The best-known lawyers and abolitionists of the day argued Garner's case, and newspapers across the country reported the story. The most fascinating aspect of the story is the account of the competing legal and rhetorical strategies used to try to free Garner -- or, if she could not be freed, to give her the greatest possible symbolic value for the cause.
Garner's act -- killing one of her children rather than allowing het to be returned to slavery -- placed her between two contrary legal systems. Within the slavery system, and the Federally- administered Fugitive Slave Act, Garner was a piece of property to be returned. Yet within Ohio law, as a person accused of murder, she was subject to persecution for her crime as a human being. Her lawyer, paradoxically, had to persuade a judge to issue a writ for her arrest for murder, in order to prevent her from being returned to Kentucky as a slave -- it was in fact her one hope.
Weisenburger details how, in the end, this defense too failed, partly due to the complicity of certain Ohio officials with the Kentucky counterparts, and partly due to the inaction of then-governor of Ohio Salmon Chase. The actual tale of Margaret Garner, strangely enough, is even more tragic than that of Morrison's Sethe. Margaret was shipped off to cotton-belt slavery with relatives of her Kentucky owner, losing a second child to a streamboat accident en route, and evenrually died a horrible death from typhoid fever.
I'd recommend this book to anyone engaged by Morrison's novel, or by the recent film -- not as 'the fact behind the fiction,' but instead as a vital counterpoint, an *other* story of Margaret Garner, a woman who stood at the razor's edge of on of American history's most brutal junctures.

9 of 10 people found the following review helpful.
Interesting story, well written
By D. C. Carrad
Very well done indeed. I am impressed that an English professor could turn in such good work as an historian and cover the courtroom battles with the skill of an experienced lawyer. A well told story of an obscure, but very revealing, chapter in the period just before the Civil War.

Minor criticisms: Too much is devoted to courtroom battles at the expense of describing daily slave life. As the author is a professor at a late 20th Century American university, he feels it necessary from time to time to wave his little red PC book in the air and shout slogans: Slavery was evil! Racism is not nice! Well, duh. None of this adds to the book and all of it detracts from the book.

Still, this is a good read. Buy it; you won't be disappointed. (By the way, I have never read Toni Morrison's "Beloved"; one doesn't need to in order to enjoy this book.)

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* PDF Download Hoboes: Bindlestiffs, Fruit Tramps, and the Harvesting of the West, by Mark Wyman

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When the railroad stretched its steel rails across the American West in the 1870s, it opened up a vast expanse of territory with very few people but enormous agricultural potential: a second Western frontier, the garden West. Agriculture quickly followed the railroads, making way for Kansas wheat and Colorado sugar beets and Washington apples. With this new agriculture came an unavoidable need for harvest workers—for hands to pick the apples, cotton, oranges, and hops; to pull and top the sugar beets; to fill the trays with raisin grapes and apricots; to stack the wheat bundles in shocks to be pitched into the maw of the threshing machine. These were not the year-round hired hands but transients who would show up to harvest the crop and then leave when the work was finished.  Variously called bindlestiffs, fruit tramps, hoboes, and bums, these men—and women and children—were vital to the creation of the West and its economy. Amazingly, it is an aspect of Western history that has never been told. In Hoboes: Bindlestiffs, Fruit Tramps, and the Harvesting of the West, the award-winning historian Mark Wyman beautifully captures the lives of these workers. Exhaustively researched and highly original, this narrative history is a detailed, deeply sympathetic portrait of the lives of these hoboes, as well as a fresh look at the settling and development of the American West.

• Sales Rank: #878686 in Books
• Brand: Brand: Hill and Wang
• Published on: 2010-04-27
• Released on: 2010-04-27
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 9.19" h x 1.24" w x 6.29" l, 1.31 pounds
• Binding: Hardcover
• 368 pages

Features

• Used Book in Good Condition

Amazon.com Review
Amazon Best Books of the Month, May 2010: Hoboes. The word calls images of the dusty downtrodden: a subterranean vagabond society communicating through secret symbols and riding rails from one terminus to another; the iconic hobo scruff and shouldered bindle stick. Mark Wyman's fascinating, deeply researched, and groundbreaking Hoboes strips away the rust from hobo history, revealing the intricate, multi-ethnic tapestry that hung in the background of the Old West--and in many ways drove its economy. From bindlestiffs and beeters to betabeleros and buranketto boys (not to mention gasoline tramps and apple glommers) Hoboes documents the lives, travails, and impact of the itinerant workers who sought opportunity--most often short-lived at best--as the railroads pushed the frontier into the memory of the modern United States. --Jon Foro

From Publishers Weekly
Historian Wyman offers a richly detailed study of the thousands of workers who followed the booming railroads west during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in order to pick, prepare, and load crops, from cotton, wheat, and hops to apples, beets, and oranges. These transients moved about the country, often accompanied by their families, who worked as well. They endured generally low wages, backbreaking labor, and awful living conditions-mitigated only slightly in the 1910s, for the select few who could afford automobiles and were thus granted greater mobility. Periodic efforts to unionize, especially by the radical Industrial Workers of the World, were invariably met with hostility. Wyman's extensive research translates into readable, often moving prose with details that illuminate the lives of previously obscure people and reveals a surprising ethnic and racial diversity among this often-overlooked group. The author of several books, Wyman has become a leading source on the American West and here makes a case for a more complex narrative of the region, one that ought to include hoboes in the list of "Western heroes," along with "cowboys and Indians, explorers and entrepreneurs, first settlers and gunslingers."
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Review
“Vivid, accessible prose . . . Wyman colorfully describes the rough camaraderie among hobos riding the rails and sharing their scant food in outdoor ‘jungles,’ the only accommodations available to transients so distrusted by settled folks that any hobo venturing into a town was likely to be jailed as a vagrant. Later chapters stirringly cover the battles fought by the radical Industrial Workers of the World, the only group willing to represent migrant workers viewed by other labor unions as unskilled and impossible to organize.” —Wendy Smith, Los Angeles Times “Eye-opening, even for students and scholars familiar with the history of hoboes in agriculture from the end of the Civil War to the 1920s . . . Hoboes moves ahead with energy and clarity. There are wonderful anecdotes throughout.” —Jonah Raskin, San Francisco Chronicle “Mark Wyman has written the prehistory of Steinbeck’s Grapes of Wrath, Murrow’s Harvest of Shame, and Cesar Chavez’s La Causa. Hoboes presents a gripping alternative history of the development of the American West.” —Melvyn Dubofsky, author of We Shall Be All “This profoundly researched book is itself a rich harvest, bringing to life the forgotten workers of the field and forest in the days of riding the rails. In original and engaging fashion, Mark Wyman has mastered the epic of an America unable to do without migrant laborers but often morally unsure what to do with them, a story that goes on to this day.” —Ivan Doig, author of The Whistling Season “Mark Wyman has again written a first-rate history. For half a century, from the Great Plains to the Pacific, hoboes and other migrant workers of many races and ethnicities followed the railroads and struggled to build decent lives for themselves. Here’s their story, thoroughly researched and a great read.” —Walter Nugent, author of Into the West “A highly recommended and revisionist account of how the West was made by an army of seasonal farm workers. Their hard lives and vital contributions are fully described in a book rich in anecdote and important in argument.” —Donald Worster, author of Dust Bowl “Mark Wyman has written an important study that captures the presence of transient harvest workers across changing seasons and the varied landscapes of the agricultural West from 1870 to 1920. This is a work of impeccable scholarship and insightful analysis by one of the leading historians of the American West.” —Malcolm Rohrbough, author of Days of Gold “Mark Wyman, the dean of Western labor historians, tells with clarity and often poignancy the harrowing stories of transient workers in the American West in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, demonstrating that the migrant farm worker of today is not a recent innovation but is embedded in the history of the West.” —Andrew Isenberg, author of Mining California “Dramatically enlarges our understanding of the role of migrant agricultural workers in the economic development of the American West.  Wyman illustrates that most facets of modern western agriculture have long been dependent upon such workers.  A must-read for any student of the American West.” —R. David Edmunds, Watson Professor of History, University of Texas at Dallas

Most helpful customer reviews

14 of 14 people found the following review helpful.
Good for what it is, but not what I wanted
By GneralTsao
I'm about 2/3s of the way through and I can say that the book is well researched and written. I certainly know more now about the economics of agriculture in the late 19th and early 20th centuries than I thought I ever would. The contrast between employers' labor needs and nativist waves throughout American history is thought provoking, especially in the current climate. And early in the book where the author ties revolutions in transportation (railcars and later refrigerated cars) to famers' ability to move from staples to higher value crops in low population areas (thereby leading to higher labor demands and itinerant workers) is something I truly hadn't thought of and was very interested to learn.

However, I have two major problems:

1) I feel the book is far more focussed on the farmers' points of view or that of the immigrant laborers that come in. Hoboes (and their like) are hardly mentioned in many chapters (e.g. I just finished the chapter on beet farming and it focussed mostly on Mexicans, German-Russians, and farm-factory relations). When I bought this, I was hoping for something that delved into hobo society and the things that made the hobo the cultural touchstone that is today (and possibly strip away the romanticization).

2) I feel the author jumps around in time too much. Quotes and examples are sometimes drawn from anywhere between 1880 and 1930 without much in the way of segue.

If the title had been more along the lines of "The Havesting of the West: Farmers, Immigrants, and Hoboes", I probably wouldn't be complaining. As I said, on its own the book is pretty good. It's just that seeing "Hoboes" at the top of every other page is a reminder of what I'm not reading about.

2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
How the West was Sown, Harvested...and the Reader Misled
By T. M. Johnson
There is no question Mark Wyman's book is informative, well-written, extensively researched and documented, so it might seem strange to assign it only a 3-star rating. Hoboes, Bindlestiffs, Fruit Tramps, and the Harvesting of the West is a history book, a detailed account of the agricultural development of the West, post-Civil War and early 19th century, and the factors that brought this vast, for the most part deserted territory under the plow.

According to Wyman the steam locomotive perches atop the New West food pyramid, and his account of the iron horse's crucial role in the settlement and agricultural expansion of the Western Frontier is the most fascinating segment of the book. It was a "win-win" situation for the railroads, their owners, and backers. To encourage railroad construction, the Federal government offered free land--so many acres per mile of track laid (6,400 acres per mile to one railroad), and federal loans as enticements. The railroads in turn carried passengers and freight to the frontiers, not only charging travelers fares, but also selling them the land on which to settle. Towns sprung up along railroads, attracting more settlers to this new "civilization." When the land was farmed and crops harvested, railroads transported the goods to markets. And, of course, the railroads brought workers to the fields to harvest the crops. For those who may have wondered how the wilds of the West came to be parceled out into the hands of private landowners, the answer lies with the railroad industry.

Extensive monocultures became part of the West's agricultural landscape: wheat, corn, sugar beets in the Midwest; cotton moved westward from the deep south: and hops, nut crops, citrus fruit, apples, soft fruits and berries were cultivated in the Far west. The rest of Wyman's story involves the matter of harvesting these crops, the mass of humanity needed to reap, pick, and gather the fruits of the field. The author emphasizes how oftentimes ambitious farmers overextended their acreage to the point there was inadequate labor to harvest the surplus. The introduction of irrigation systems, Wyman explains, transformed once arid lands into fertile fields and the increased acreage further served to exacerbate labor shortages.

As well as the native drifters ("hoboes, bindlestiffs and fruit tramps") employed to "bring in the sheaves," Wyman's book discusses the many immigrant ethnicities who worked the harvests: Native Americans, Chinese, Japanese, German-Russians, and most prominently the Mexican labor force. Wyman further explains the attitude many farm owners, townsfolk, and settlers had toward these migrants: much sought after come harvest time; spurned when harvest was over. These attitudes and subsequent mistreatment of the labor force led to labor disputes, rise and involvement of agricultural unions (and the IWW) which in turn led to strikes, riots, and bloodshed.

(Note: two of the issues Wyman addresses still exist today in the agricultural West. The Hispanic (Mexican) immigrant situation, an issue then, continues to be an issue; Mexicans, whose histories are tightly intertwined with the agriculture of the West and its expansion, have fallen in and out of favor time and again with resident Westerners. Secondly, the labor shortages that plagued the early agricultural industry persist still. Just last fall the governor of my home State of Washington issued a statewide plea requesting help in the harvesting of the season's record apple crop.)

But while Wyman includes a generous amount of fact, numbers, and figures in his narrative, the book's title--why I purchased the book in the first place--is sadly misleading. Aside from a few definitions of the native itinerants who worked the harvests of the West: "...the hobo 'a migratory worker, a tramp is a nonworker, a bum is a stationary nonworker,'" we learn very little about the humanity behind the unwashed, weatherworn faces. Who were they? What were their stories? I wanted to know and Wyman never says.

If one seeks information about agriculture and its role in the settling of the west, and the crops that turned desert and wilderness into farms...how those crops were harvested, I recommend Wyman's book. But if you truly want to understand the drifters, ("apple knockers"), gypsies who "followed the fruit," read Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath (by the way, Wyman overlooks the exodus of Dust Bowl victims). Or better yet, rub elbows with Woody Guthrie and sixty "troubled, tangled, messed up men" aboard a rattling boxcar in "Soldiers in the Dust," Chapter One of Guthrie's autobiography Bound for Glory.

2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Fascinating Read
By Ralph A. Weisheit
Mark Wyman's book Hoboes is about the various transient groups that roamed the West harvesting crops in the late 1800s and early 1900s. The book is thoroughly researched gives the reader a feel for what life was like for hoboes, bindlestiffs, and fruit tramps. Predecessors of modern migrant workers, these groups shared the modern workers' experience of being both necessary for economic development while simultaneously vilified. This is just the kind of book that Ken Burns would use to frame a historical documentary.

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** Ebook Free 40. The Poems of St. Paulinus of Nola (Ancient Christian Writers), by P. G. Walsh

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In general, the corpus of Paulinus’ poetry has as its purpose to encourage Christians to persevere in a life of Christian commitment and to demonstrate to nominal Christians and to benevolent non-Christians the nature of that commitment. None of the extant poems were written after 409.

• Sales Rank: #1824548 in Books
• Published on: 1974-01-01
• Original language: Latin
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 8.86" h x 1.18" w x 5.90" l, 1.45 pounds
• Binding: Hardcover
• 454 pages

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This is in many ways the most remarkable patristic document now extant, the last surviving apology composed before the end of the persecutions.

• Sales Rank: #2794110 in Books
• Published on: 1978-01-01
• Original language: Latin
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 8.74" h x .99" w x 5.84" l, 1.13 pounds
• Binding: Hardcover
• 295 pages

About the Author
George E. McCracken was Professor of Classical Languages at Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa.

George E. McCracken was Professor of Classical Languages at Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa.

George E. McCracken was Professor of Classical Languages at Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa.

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!! Ebook Download GAAP Guide Levels B C and D 2009, by Weiss Judith

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• Sales Rank: #4197939 in Books
• Brand: Brand: Cch Inc
• Published on: 2008
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 2.30" h x 6.00" w x 8.90" l, 3.26 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 1400 pages

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~ PDF Download World as Laboratory: Experiments with Mice, Mazes, and Men, by Rebecca Lemov

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Deeply researched, World as Laboratory tells a secret history that’s not really a secret. The fruits of human engineering are all around us: advertising, polls, focus groups, the ubiquitous habit of “spin” practiced by marketers and politicians. What Rebecca Lemov cleverly traces for the first time is how the absurd, the practical, and the dangerous experiments of the human engineers of the first half of the twentieth century left their laboratories to become our day-to-day reality.

• Sales Rank: #404277 in Books
• Brand: Brand: Hill and Wang
• Published on: 2005-11-29
• Released on: 2005-11-29
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: .98" h x 6.70" w x 9.18" l,
• Binding: Hardcover
• 304 pages

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• Used Book in Good Condition

From Publishers Weekly
Lemov, a historian and anthropologist, addresses nearly a century of study into "human engineering," the idea that behavior can be modified through manipulation of the surrounding environment. The social implications of such research are important, but equally worth pondering, she suggests, is what it tells us about "the impulse for scientific experimentation" and how far scientists will go to indulge it. Some of her most intriguing passages deal with individual researchers like fear specialist O. Hobart Mowrer and sociologist John Dollard and how their theories—their career paths, even—were shaped by their emotional conditions. But Lemov balances this personal approach with close consideration of the major institutions involved, tracking the effect of grants handed out by the Rockefeller Foundation and digging into the vast archives of Yale's anthropological database (all the more remarkable for being entirely on paper). She also reports on the government's interest in the field, including the CIA's encouragement of research designed both to combat and refine psychological torture. Lemov's final charge, that "many people continue to suffer from the use of these techniques" as deployed by consumer surveys and political polls, needs substantiation, but her historical argument is both eye-opening and persuasive. (Dec.)
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

From Booklist
Lemov explores the behavioral sciences during the years 1900-60, after which much of the human experimentation previously conducted acquired an odious reputation; the author remarks she was predisposed to dislike the psychologists, anthropologists, and sociologists who conducted it. Lemov improved her opinion of them, but her well-researched book nevertheless imparts a sense of uneasiness about human engineering. An outgrowth of stimulus-response experiments on animals, behavior modification of people became the goal of ambitious psychologists such as John Watson, coiner of the conditioned-response theory. Tellingly, he eventually went into advertising, while in his wake in the 1920s, foundations directed by behaviorist enthusiasts funded behavioral science centers at Yale and Harvard. With World War II, Lemov remarks, their denizens traded lab coats for uniforms, applying behavioral theories to occupied areas. A balanced account of the behaviorists' crusade, Lemov's history provides crucial backstory to contemporary practices in psychology and mass media. Gilbert Taylor
Copyright © American Library Association. All rights reserved

Review
“Delves into both the grotesque and the comical experiments that built the modern world…With a healthy sense of amusement and an appreciation for the absurd, Lemov recounts the attempts of the now largely defunct fields of behaviorism and behavioral engineering to quantify, predict and ultimately control human behavior…the book handles tough subjects in a deft and even charming manner.” —Seed Magazine

“Rebecca Lemov, a lecturer at the University of Washington, has produced a lively and well-researched history of the human engineering field and its broad intellectual and social legacy.” —Michael O’Donnell, The San Francisco Chronicle

“…an often enthralling history of the young science of human behavior and society.” —Scott LaFee, San Diego Union Tribune

Most helpful customer reviews

1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Word as a laboratory
By Gregory Papadoyiannis
Very interesting book and very frightening also. In fact it seems like sci-fi but it's pure and simple reality. Things that hapeened and we must now about them. Otherwise we have to accept the consequences

1 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
Book more about history of modern behavoirism than experimentation on humans
By Yoda
This book is much more about the history of modern behaviorism from the late 1800s through the early 1970s than the psychological experimentation on human beings. This is a big dissapointment considering that it is marketed as the opposite. Approxmately 180 pages of the book's 245 pages are on the history of modern behaviorism with only the remainder on the human experimentation, a topic that the book covers in a very superficial manner. For those interested in a study of modern behaviorism this may be fine but for those looking for a study of human psychological experimentation not.

9 of 10 people found the following review helpful.
5 stars for the subject matter - but only 3 for the content
By D. Hodgson
Considering the incendiary nature of the topic (social control, brainwashing, forcible interrogations, chemical coercion) the euphemistic title of this book says much about how the content is treated. Mice, mazes and men - sounds harmless, no outrage there. Yet the history of how American behaviorists extrapolating from the techniques of B.F. Skinner (who oddly receives little mention) & Joseph Mengele (whose failed sleep-coma experiments were copied in the CIA's MK-ULTRA program) receives no mention at all.

Reading along through all the chapters, the actual "what can I take with me" information is very light, although the lengthy descriptions of many of the behaviorists' personal histories are more than sufficient. For all the talk about rat maze experiments and their importance, few are actually discussed in detail and fewer still are the facts actually learned from these.

In Part Three, "Files: Out Of The Laboratory" much is made of how -large- the files on human cultures collected at Yale were, and how -exhaustively- they were cataloged - but few examples are given of the data itself, who the data-gatherers were, and what protocols these data gatherers followed in their world travels, if anything.

And what practical techniques, exactly, did the modern beneficiaries of all this Cold-War experimenting (public relations, advertising, pollsters, marketing, government, the State Department) get out all of this? Entire books have been written on the techniques of persuasion used by each of these groups yet in "World As Laboratory" the reader walks away with very little in terms of concrete, practical modern-day examples.

The "thriller" part of the book, of course is Chapter 10's "The Impossible Experiment" documenting the CIA's brainwashing and drug experiments which rank among the most putrid of shames ever perpitrated upon American citizens by their own government. Yet, while related subjects such as Stanley Milgram's experiments are given great coverage, the equally important (and horrifying) Stanford Prison experiments are glossed over in just a couple paragraphs.

If you're wondering how Rebecca wraps this all up in her Conclusions, one need only refer to title of the book again - ultimately, the author is sympathetic, and even slightly admiring, of the scientific amoralists portrayed in the book. And although she tries to reassure the reader that attempts to create a Manchurian Candidate were unreliable and inconsistent at best, one can't help but feel that Rebecca is (mildly) rooting for the wrong team.

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Winner of the Silver Gavel Award from the American Bar Association

Two well-known experts-Newton N. Minow is a former chairperson of the FCC-suggest bold new ways to think about television and its influence on American life and, most urgently, on American children. The authors argue that to defend an unrestricted freedom to broadcast by invoking the First Ammendent is an improper use of constitutional principle. They remind us that broadcasters are required by law to serve the public interest, and that the Supreme Court and Congress have affirmed that service to children is a broadcaster's legal obligation.

• Sales Rank: #3163559 in Books
• Published on: 1996-04-30
• Released on: 1996-04-30
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 8.50" h x .57" w x 5.50" l, .72 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 242 pages

From Publishers Weekly
Minow created news when, in 1961, as head of the Federal Communications Commission, he called television in the U.S. a "vast wasteland." Here, writing with communications scholar LaMay, he presents a cogent argument for replacing violent, brutal TV fare with constructive programs that motivate children to learn while transmitting democratic values. The authors charge that broadcasters, who exploit children for profit, invoke First Amendment freedoms of expression as a way of shirking responsibilities defined under the Children's Television Act of 1990, which requires them to air some educational and informational programs for children. Among the authors' proposals are: forbid commercials on TV programs for preschoolers; make the V-chip a required component in all TV sets, so parents can block reception of unwanted shows; Congress should redefine the Federal Communications Act's vague stipulation that broadcasters must serve the public interest; make media literacy courses a basic part of the school curriculum. This broadside should trigger a national debate.
Copyright 1995 Reed Business Information, Inc.

Review
“A skillful amalgam of law, the history of broadcasting, sociology, and impassioned argument.” ―David Greenberg, The Washington Post Book World

From the Back Cover
Broadcasters, parents, public officials, and teachers have all abandoned our children to a wasteland of vacuous, often violent television programing. In this eloquent book, Newton Minow and Craig LaMay persuasively demonstrate that this is a false application of the First Amendment. Broadcasters are required by law to serve the public interest, and the Supreme Court and Congress have said that service to children is a broadcaster's obligation under law, they remind us; the First Amendment can be used on behalf of children, to help make television a force that will nurture and not harm them.

Most helpful customer reviews

13 of 14 people found the following review helpful.
Wonderfully informative and extremely interesting
By A Customer
I read this book for a media class I took, and I enjoyed it very much. Minow has been an advocate for quality television since he was Kennedy's FCC chairman, and he obviously continues to champion for what should be a simple thing. Minow and LaMay have a great chapter in this book about the history of television that beats everything I've previously read. I particularly liked the way they talked about a stranger in the house, and how our society allows violence and bloodshed into our homes everyday without a care for what our children are seeing, or how they are reacting to it. Their discussion of the talk shows that are on TV during after-school hours was a shock to me. There must be something we can do as a society to give our children the gift of quality TV without violence.I think Minow and LaMay should be commended for their insights and willingness to tackle such a huge problem.

8 of 8 people found the following review helpful.
Book illuminates the power of the media to affect society
By Janice H. Kasten
In the 1960's, one of the things requested by the leaders of the Black Movement was the more frequent appearance on television of Black performers. Specifically, these performers were to be in programs where they portrayed competent, contributing people. Such programs as Amos n' Andy, under pressure from Black leaders and Civil Rights advocates, were removed from television. Their demands were guided by the belief that the way in which Black people were portrayed on television would have a marked effect upon society's evaluation of the Black race.
In the Sep 2003 U.S. News and World Report magazine article regarding the 100 documents which affected our country's history, it is stated that the words we use to communicate our ideas to one another have the power to provoke images and emotions which can revolutionize our society.
The ability of literature, whether written or performed, to transform people's values and thus society is not a radical or new notion. It is the principle upon which our American education system is based. We do not believe that human beings are locked into a set of values which they either inherited or which were formed strictly from association with close relatives. We believe that education and environment can alter our principles.
I agree with all the previously stated ideas, so it always amazes me how so many of the people who are proponents of the power of education, proponents of the power of literature to shape our values, are often the most vehement in denying that television, music and movies have had a profound effect upon our society's values. The only way that I can reconcile these blatantly contradictory notions is that perhaps what these people are meaning to say is that, books, television, movies, and music do have the power to modify our ethics, to modify our stereotypical perceptions of a race or a gender, and do have the power to affect our notions of equity, but with regards to the sex and violence that saturate these mediums, these are just things that temporarily excite us and have little affect upon our values.
This belief is not supported by either logic or experience. The reason that our entertainment is saturated with sex and violence is because there are few things which have a greater capacity to affect us, to arouse us, to absorb our attention. For better, for worse we are chained to one another for our most intense emotions. The egocentric sweetness of self-fulfillment pales in comparison to the emotions generated by the adulation or domination of our fellow human being. Logically, you do not repeatedly arouse human beings' most intense emotions without creating an even greater appetite for more stimulation. However, although we might have a longing for this stimulation, most people will subordinate these desires to society's expectations of socially acceptable behavior. Thus few of us become sexual addicts or sadists or serial killers. Hence, the assertion by the media and others that this steady dose of sex and violence has little affect upon us. But it has. We have allowed ourselves to enjoy the reduction of a human being to a sexual object. We have allowed ourselves to enjoy seeing another human being physically harmed. This enjoyment reduces our aversion to these emotions and when a significant percentage of society finds pleasure in these emotions, its eventuates in the altering of socially acceptable behavior. And we are seeing the results of these changes, children killing children, a drug-infested youths, schools patrolled like prisons, babies having babies, a plethora of families without fathers.
However, many people feel that even if this type of entertainment does have deleterious effects, our freedom is more endangered by censorship than it is by these aforementioned negative consequences. First, let me state that we already have censorship. We do not allow nudity or acts of fornication in public or on commercial broadcast stations. We do not allow cigarette or alcohol advertisements in elementary or high schools. We do not allow teachers in these schools to teach hatred of a religion or race or gender. We do not allow the advertisement or sale or consumption of narcotics. In most states, prostitution is illegal. Censorship already exists. Second, the notion that censorship of literature or entertainment is a threat to the freedom of being able to criticize the policies of our government is a relatively new concept in the United States. Up until the 1960's censorship of entertainment was considered a given in the United States. The fact that this country, the most free society that the world has ever known, was able to not only survive but thrive for over 150 years while at the same time having a censorship of entertainment policy negates the notion that freedom is threatened by such a situation. England is another example where freedom to criticize the government was considered to be very different from the freedom to make one's living by appealing to the prurient interests of the public. Victorian England allowed Karl Marx to promote his ideas whereas libidinous France banished him from their country. There are a multitude of other examples where the government was a dictatorship but there existed no censorship of entertainment. It is to a dictator's advantage for the populace to be a slave to their passions, rather than a people working together to determine what literature and entertainment will promote within their children respect for the dignity of people.

I am very thankful for such books as "Abandoned in the Wasteland". Mr. Minow recognizes and is trying to combat the crisis which this steady dose of sex and violence and consumerism is breeding in our youth.

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~~ Ebook Download Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists and the Ecology of New England, by William Cronon

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Winner of the Francis Parkman Prize

Changes in the Land offers an original and persuasive interpretation of the changing circumstances in New England's plant and animal communities that occurred with the shift from Indian to European dominance. With the tools of both historian and ecologist, Cronon constructs an interdisciplinary analysis of how the land and the people influenced one another, and how that complex web of relationships shaped New England's communities.

• Sales Rank: #292190 in Books
• Brand: Hill and Wang
• Published on: 1983-07-01
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 8.30" h x .67" w x 6.36" l,
• Binding: Paperback
• 242 pages

Features

• Paperback with scene of snow, trees and country

Amazon.com Review
Much historical writing is far more concerned with the players than the stage: narratives of kings and cabbage-merchants, although acted out in fields and forests, typically include nature only as a convenient prop to provide the occasional splash of color. In Changes in the Land, Cronon treats the land of New England with the same sensitivity and attention to detail as the lives of the American natives and the colonists--he depicts the effects of changing land-use patterns on the texture of the New England landscape, and gives voice to the changing communities of trees, rock walls, and rivers. The chapter on the effects of changing notions of "property" on the ecology of New England are especially strong.

Changes in the Land is almost the equal of Cronon's masterpiece, Nature's Metropolis, a monumental study of the ecological effects of Chicago on the entire central portion of the United States in the 1800s. Highly Recommended to specialists and general readers alike.

Review
"Changes in the Land exemplifies, and realizes, the promise of ecological history with stunning effect. Setting his sights squarely on the well-worn terrain of colonial New England, [Cronon] fashions a story that is fresh, ingenious, compelling and altogether important. His approach is at once vividly descriptive and profoundly analytic."--John Demos, The New York Times Book Review

"A superb achievement: Cronon has changed the terms of historical discourse regarding colonial New England."--Wilcomb E. Washburn, director of the Office of American Studies, Smithsonian Institution

"A cogent, sophisticated, and balanced study of Indian-white contact. Gracefully written, subtly argued, and well informed, it is a work whose implications extend far beyond colonial New England."--Richard White, Michigan State University

"This is ethno-ecological history at its best . . . American colonial history will never be the same after this path-breaking, exciting book."--Wilbur R. Jacobs, University of California, Santa Barbara

"A brilliant performance, from which all students of early American history will profit."--Edmund S. Morgan, Yale University

About the Author
William Cronon is the Frederick Jackson Turner Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. His book Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West won the Bancroft Prize in 1992.

Most helpful customer reviews

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
If you love New England & it's history
By Neil Berman
I received this book on time in better then expected condition. I've skimmed it and it's a great book about a subject of great interest.

81 of 82 people found the following review helpful.
A fascinating history of New England ecology
By Abby
I found this book very compelling, and would highly reccomend it for anyone interested in ecology, land ownership, or New England. Below is a recap of the most important points I took away from Cronon's book:
The main point William Cronon explains in Changes in the Land is why the landscape of New England differs in 1800 at the start of the industrial revolution from 1600 prior to the arrival of the first Europeans, clearing up some misconceptions about this change along the way. He first emphasizes that the common conception of New England as a dense primeval forest is not wholly correct. Understanding of early New England ecology is based on journals and reports of the Europeans who first visited and settled there, whose viewpoints were not those of scientists but rather of farmers, trappers, and merchants. Because of this, descriptions of New England were based on what Europe was not, and tells as much about conditions of England of that time as they do of new England. Europe was disease-ridden, crowded, cold (with firewood being a luxury), but civilized. New England was thus described as a healthy, rat-free, dense forest just waiting for the touch of God via man's hand to tame it. While these points were true, New England was also a diverse area with landscapes varying from the dense forests of northern New England, the open glades of southern New England, the seashore to the salt marshes.
The Indians recognized this diversity of their land, and in order to utilize the wide variety of natural resources available, a mobile lifestyle had to be adopted. A nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyle does not lead to accumulation of goods because one's possession must be carried on one's back. In turn, status within a tribe was not garnered through collection of goods, but through kin relation and prowess of the hunt. The lack of emphasis on ownership extended to the land. While a tribe could have or give rights to a particular use of an area of land for the duration of its use (for example for one harvest), land ownership was not as all-consuming and permanent as the European definition of it.
Europeans ventured to a new land, but kept their old ideas of ownership and commodity alive. To them, the Indians lack of settlement and "improvement" on the land represented a laziness of the Indians. Thus, the only land that truly belonged to the Indians was the land women planted crops. This excluded the much larger Indian ranges of land where hunting, trapping, and gathering was done, so that "English colonists could use Indian hunting and gathering for expropriating Indian land" (56). As land available for Indian usage disappeared, the Indians had to adopt a more sedentary life that interacted with European demands and economies. Because resources were abundant, and labor was scarce (the opposite situation of Europe), policies were adopted that maximized labor with no regard for resources, leading to wastefulness of the forest for lumber, fuel, and clearing of the land. An example of this was `driving a piece' "in which lumberers cut notches in a row of small trees and then felled a larger tree on top of them, thus cushioning its fall so as to protect it from shattering" (111). The early settler's wastefulness even horrified fellow Westerners in Europe, causing an observer to write of Americans, "their eyes are fixed upon the present gain, and they are blind to the future" (122).
Besides the decline of trees and the animals that habituated in them, the effects of deforestation were felt strongly in the climate. The forest provided a buffer against extreme conditions. Without it, summers were hotter, winters were colder, and the ground froze deeper. The water-holding capacity of the land was reduced, causing greater run-offs and flooding, and finally resulting in dry soil and erratic streams that were dry for much of the year. Despite the changing negative conditions, the mind-set of resources equaling commodity caused colonists to "understand what they were doing in almost wholly positive terms, not as `deforestation,' but as `the progress of cultivation'" (126), which is still the mindset that exists in many today.

23 of 25 people found the following review helpful.
From Forests and Freedom to "Fields and Fences"
By Marilyn Glaser
Make no mistake about it. An interdisciplinary interpretation of history is here to stay. Thanks to farsighted historians like Dr. William Cronon and his ethno-ecological study of New England, circa 1600 to1800, entitled Changes in the Land, an enlightening perception of colonial times in New England is depicted by a well-documented mix of anthropology, ecology, sociology, biology, and environmental history. The actual text of the book comprises 171 pages with no less than 35 pages of notes, and an innovative bibliographical essay encourages further study. Cronon clearly states his thesis and purpose for the book in the preface, "the shift from Indian to European dominance in New England entailed important changes" (vii). Cronon not only evaluates the reorganization of people but also stresses the effects of changes on the New England plant and animal populations. With political and military history kept to a minimum, an intriguing analysis compares the ecological histories of the New England Indians to the European settlers and reveals the resulting environmental alterations incurred. There were basic ethno-ecological differences between how both cultures viewed the earth. The New England Indians perceived the natural world with reciprocal sustenance (63) for 10,000 years (33), but the colonists envisioned commodities and wealth in what the earth could provide (75). Within the short period of two hundred years, the environment of New England could not sustain the few Indians who survived the diseases of the Europeans, because the land, plants, animals, and even the climate had changed (169).

These changes seemed very subtle at first. In order to trade for metal utensils, the Indians killed more and more beaver (83). In this way the Indians started to view nature, or their environment, as a commodity instead of a gift to be shared (92). Cronon does not assume that the Indians had no effect upon their native environment (viii) nor that the colonists came to a pristine wilderness (11). What Cronon does enumerate is how the two sets of ecological relationships, Indian and colonist, came to live upon the same land (15). Early in the affiliation, the European settlers came to disrespect the Indians, because although the Indians lived in a land overflowing with natural "wealth," the Indians looked like the poor back in Europe (54). Marshall Sahlins is quoted by Cronon, "there are in fact two ways to be rich, [. . .] Wants may be `easily satisfied' either by producing much or desiring little" (79-80). The indigenous residents of New England desired little, while the European colonists seemed economically motivated to produce much from the land and introduced the Old World concepts of value and scarcity, using cost as the only constraint to consider (81) (168).

Unfortunately, neither the land nor the Indians could withstand the monumental alterations to come: an Indian "money" system in the form of wampum (97), epidemics which wiped out entire villages (85-90), the severe reduction in native animal populations (98-101), domesticated animals that grazed wildly on indigenous plants and even ocean clams (128-150), deforestation (109-126), the surface of the earth responding more drastically to climatic changes (122-123), flooding (124), the "drying up of streams and springs" (125), land ownership and pastoralism replacing shared land conservation (137-141), soil depletion (147-152), and the introduction of weeds and migrant pests (153-155). The New England landscape went from forests and freedom to "fields and fences" (156). This book vividly correlates the significant and divergent relationship between the New England Indians, the colonial settlers, and the environment they could no longer share. Changes in the Land by William Cronon, winner of the 1984 Francis Parkman Prize, serves as a fine academic example in cross-curricular historical documentation.

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