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Winner of the Historical Society of Southern California's 2015 Neuerburg Award for the best book on Pre-Gold Rush California
Finalist for the Southern California Independent Bookseller Association's Best Nonfiction Book of 2014
A Zocalo Public Square Best Nonfiction Book of 2013
A portrait of the priest and colonialist who is one of the most important figures in California's history
In the 1770s, just as Britain's American subjects were freeing themselves from the burdens of colonial rule, Spaniards moved up the California coast to build frontier outposts of empire and church. At the head of this effort was Junípero Serra, an ambitious Franciscan who hoped to convert California Indians to Catholicism and turn them into European-style farmers. For his efforts, he has been beatified by the Catholic Church and widely celebrated as the man who laid the foundation for modern California. But his legacy is divisive. The missions Serra founded would devastate California's Native American population, and much more than his counterparts in colonial America, he remains a contentious and contested figure to this day.
Steven W. Hackel's groundbreaking biography, Junípero Serra: California's Founding Father, is the first to remove Serra from the realm of polemic and place him within the currents of history. Born into a poor family on the Spanish island of Mallorca, Serra joined the Franciscan order and rose to prominence as a priest and professor through his feats of devotion and powers of intellect. But he could imagine no greater service to God than converting Indians, and in 1749 he set off for the new world. In Mexico, Serra first worked as a missionary to Indians and as an uncompromising agent of the Inquisition. He then became an itinerant preacher, gaining a reputation as a mesmerizing orator who could inspire, enthrall, and terrify his audiences at will. With a potent blend of Franciscan piety and worldly cunning, he outmaneuvered Spanish royal officials, rival religious orders, and avaricious settlers to establish himself as a peerless frontier administrator. In the culminating years of his life, he extended Spanish dominion north, founding and promoting missions in present-day San Diego, Los Angeles, Monterey, and San Francisco. But even Serra could not overcome the forces massing against him. California's military leaders rarely shared his zeal, Indians often opposed his efforts, and ultimately the missions proved to be cauldrons of disease and discontent. Serra, in his hope to save souls, unwittingly helped bring about the massive decline of California's indigenous population.
On the three-hundredth anniversary of Junípero Serra's birth, Hackel's complex, authoritative biography tells the full story of a man whose life and legacies continue to be both celebrated and denounced. Based on exhaustive research and a vivid narrative, this is an essential portrait of America's least understood founder.
- Sales Rank: #533705 in Books
- Published on: 2014-09-30
- Released on: 2014-09-30
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.20" h x .94" w x 5.48" l, .0 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 352 pages
Review
“Meticulously researched . . . a must-read for anyone interested in Serra, California, or the history of colonialism in the Americas.” ―Publishers Weekly
“A consummate archivist of California history, Hackel has produced a definitive Golden State biography.” ―Kirkus Reviews
“At last, in Steven W. Hackel's Junípero Serra, we have an intelligent and authoritative biography of the founder of California. Hackel's engaging narrative deftly transports us to the end of the eighteenth century and the frontier of the Spanish empire. His Serra is neither sinner nor saint, but rather a devout idealist who quietly helps unleash powerful forces of social change. Junípero Serra is an essential contribution to the history of the West.” ―Héctor Tobar, author of The Barbarian Nurseries
“Junípero Serra was a man for all seasons: a saint as well as an ogre, a ‘founding father,’ an agricultural visionary, and a merciless imperialist―in short, a figure whose legacy is nothing if not polarizing. Steven W. Hackel is a courageous biographer. His portrait of the Franciscan priest who invented California doesn’t shy away from controversy: it is as evenhanded as it is humane. It proves, yet again, that this nation wasn’t built only by Puritans; it was also shaped by Spanish conquistadores, explorers, and missionaries whose choices continue to define us in countless ways.” ―Ilan Stavans, general editor of The Norton Anthology of Latino Literature
“Steven W. Hackel's stunning biography so fully re-creates Father Junípero Serra's eighteenth-century life that one can almost feel the passionate certitude and searing drive that Serra employed to convert so many native Californians to Christianity and the cultural destruction and human emptiness that Serra's success unleashed upon them after his death. Hackel's exhaustive research quietly magnifies the measured judgments that propel this compellingly intimate yet historically expansive biography. It surpasses anything ever written about the West Coast's most potent and controversial ‘founding father.'” ―Ilan Stavans, general editor of The Norton Anthology of Latino Literature
“In this rich portrait of Father Junípero Serra, we see entire worlds collide, overlap, and forever influence one another. As complex and remarkable as the times in which he lived, Serra has long deserved a careful, smart, and judicious study, and now we have it.” ―William Deverell, chair, Department of History, University of Southern California
“Steven W. Hackel's Junípero Serra is both a compelling narrative and a comprehensive study of the complexities of Serra's life and the transformative events of his time. A masterpiece.” ―José Refugio de la Torre Curiel, author of Twilight of the Mission Frontier
“Junípero Serra is a must-read for anyone interested in the history of California and for lovers of biography.” ―Sylvia L. Hilton, coeditor of Nexus of Empire
About the Author
Steven W. Hackel is an associate professor of history at the University of California, Riverside, and the author of the award-winning Children of Coyote, Missionaries of Saint Francis: Indian-Spanish Relations in Colonial California, 1769–1850. He also directs a project in digital history, the Early California Cultural Atlas, and was the curator of Missions, Myths, and Memories: The Life and Legacies of Junípero Serra, an exhibit that ran at the Huntington Library from August 2013 to January 2014. He lives in Riverside, California.
Most helpful customer reviews
35 of 40 people found the following review helpful.
The Go To book on Padre Junipero Serra
By M. James
I'm surprised to be the first person to review this interesting book recently published about Fr. Junipero Serra, the founder of several California Missions and the most well known Franciscan in America. I live ten minutes away from a California Mission and after reading this book was disappointed to learn it was founded by one of Fr. Serra's compatriots - not the holy man himself. This book is well-researched and very scholarly, objective and carefully balanced. The story is deftly written so as to keep your attention and isn't the least dry or long-winded, so to speak. It amazed me that so much information was available about someone who lived 250 years ago and the author presents the facts in such a way as though to resurrect Fr. Serra from his dusty resting place in Carmel, California. Padre Serra is seen as a flesh and blood person that you would like to share a cup of coffee with. Yes, there is controversy surrounding Fr. Serra and his treatment of the native peoples. Yet it needs to be kept in mind that it was a totally different world 250 years ago and we cannot judge it by our present day sensitivities. While our times are just as violent as the times in which Padre Serra lived we've become adept at rationalization of our own behavior while often being hypercritical of long-ago historical periods. If you can do a bit of time travel while reading this book and leave your 21st century mind-set behind, you will find an enjoyable trip ahead of you. Padre Serra was a product of his times; he made mistakes but he never gave up.
17 of 18 people found the following review helpful.
Informative and readable but with factual errors
By MNhistorian
On the plus side, Hackel has attempted to write a full life of Serra -- not just the typical focus on his work in Alta California. However, there are very few sources for the earlier parts of his life -- no doubt the reason why it has not previously been written about -- and this forces Hackel into a lot of speculation -- more than I as a professional historian was comfortable with. Far too often in the early chapters, Hackel tells us what Serra must have been thinking with words like "surely he thought" when a more responsible phrasing might have been "we can't know what he thought". Another positive about the book is that it is good, old-fashioned biography. It is free of jargon and postmodernist gimmicks. Some historians, for example, might have been tempted to hypothesize a sexual relationship between Serra and Francisco Palou, but Hackel sensibly avoids that sort of silliness. His speculations, numerous though they are, stay well within the bounds of good sense. A final positive is that the book is fairly well balanced. We certainly get to see Serra's darker side and it's fair to say that his pious excesses as well as his condescending attitudes towards the native peoples are not going to make him very likable to 21st century readers. But he was a man of his time, and Hackel rightly avoids making overmuch of those things. Unfortunately, problems leave more traces in the historical records than do the mundane, so we end up hearing rather more about Serra's conflicts with Spanish authorities and rather less about the successes of the day-to-day growth of some of the missions under his care. That's not Hackel's fault, but it was disappointing to have the successes largely reduced to lists (for example) of the numbers of Indians baptized and confirmed. Serra's real achievements often were harder to discern than his setbacks.
While I learned a lot from the book, and found it a very easy read, I did find some disturbing factual errors that lead me to wonder about Hackel's familiarity with early modern Catholicism. For example, he has Serra belonging to the Order of St. Francis -- which is not the name of the Franciscans. They are the Order of Friars Minor, thus the initials OFM after their names. Moreover, he calls Serra a "padre" ("father") after his profession while noting that he was not ordained. Of course, he would have been Fray Junipero, not Padre Junipero. He also often referred to priests as ministers several times, a jarringly Protestant term. Finally, Hackel invents a non-existent sacrament: "Final Communion". There was a death-bed sacrament, but it was Final Unction (or Anointing). Whenever possible, the dying would also participate in the sacraments of Penance (confessing their sins and receiving absolution) and the Eucharist (or Communion) but those were not separate sacraments for the dying. (One last oddity: Hackel has two separate tribes -- the Esselen and the Excelen -- in the same place near San Carlos mission, without noticing that surely are the same tribe just spelled differently!) When I find errors of detail like that in things that I know about, it makes me suspicious about errors lurking in the material I don't know about. Thus the reason for my middling rating. As a native Californian who visited all of the Franciscan missions as an elementary school student, I have long been fascinated with Serra and his colleagues. I do feel as if I now have a much better understanding of their world and especially of the political and military context within which they operated. In spite of the flaws, I do recommend this book for a wide audience.
7 of 7 people found the following review helpful.
this description is not great depth but sufficient to illustrate the contrast in culture ...
By Ida Rhodes
This book provides a comprehensive history of Fr. Serra which includes a context for the foundation of his faith. The book is well researched making effective reference to his family, personal letters (from a variety of sources), Spanish and early Mexican correspondence. I found two aspects of this history particularly interesting: his religious intolerance and today's recognition of the Old World's catastrophic impact on native populations in New Spain and Alta California in particular. Father Serra is caste as somewhat old school, liturgically dogmatic and heavily influenced by the strict Spanish inquisition period that still continued at his time (though its height preceded him in Spain by 200 years). Alta California's native tribes are described in a sympathetic and tragic manner. Clearly, this description is not great depth but sufficient to illustrate the contrast in culture appropriate to this story of Fr. Serra.
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