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A bold new history of the Deng years by a leading China scholar
Unlike the former Soviet Union and the once "socialist" countries of Eastern Europe, China's current economy is now the world's second largest and most rapidly growing. Remarkably, today's problems in China are spiritual in nature-"a crisis of faith"-stemming from the clash between capitalist realities and lingering socialist values and ideas.
The Deng Xiaoping Era is the story of that crisis and of Deng Xiaoping's promise of socialist democracy that has degenerated into bureaucratic capitalism. Maurice Meisner shows how the social contract between the Chinese Communist Party and the people was grossly violated by the Deng regime, and why capitalism has emerged as the dynamic force in today's socioeconomic and cultural life. Now, after more than a decade of capitalist reforms, he argues that Chinese spiritual malaise is deepening with the brutal suppression of the 1989 Democracy Movement and its politically repressive aftermath.
This is an indispensable study of contemporary Chinese history-from the Chinese Revolution and the founding of the Maoist state to the establishment of the Deng regime and the social consequences of Deng's reforms-as well as a formidable analysis of the failure of the world's greatest socialist experiment.
- Sales Rank: #1478830 in Books
- Brand: Brand: Hill and Wang
- Published on: 1996-09-30
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 1.62" h x 6.35" w x 9.23" l,
- Binding: Hardcover
- 500 pages
- Used Book in Good Condition
From Publishers Weekly
Deng Xiaoping came to power in China in 1978, promising to democratize the People's Republic and revitalize socialism. Instead, his market reforms unleashed frenzied capitalist development. And as this incisive study documents, Deng vengefully and methodically purged his political opponents, while orchestrating the ruthless suppression of the fledgling democracy movement of 1979-1980?a prelude to the 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre. A history professor at the University of Wisconsin, Meisner explains how the dictatorial Deng regime, under the ideological cover of communism, dismantled collectivized agriculture, stripped urban workers of lifetime job guarantees and ended a welfare benefit system that once provided secure pensions, medical care and promises of income. For the average citizen, the result, says Meisner, is ever more intensive labor exploitation by a corrupt new bourgeois elite, as well as widespread apathy, spiritual impoverishment, disillusionment and nihilism. A provocative, skeptical look at China's new market society.
Copyright 1996 Reed Business Information, Inc.
From Library Journal
The legacy of Deng Xiaoping comprises one of the most intriguing chapters in modern Chinese history. While he is given credit for transforming the Chinese economy into the second largest in the world, few remember that Deng came to power in 1978 on a platform championing "social democracy." Meisner (history, Univ. of Wisconsin) argues that there has been no significant progress in either socialism or democracy since 1978. Economic progress in China has been accompanied by social devastation, spiritual impoverishment, and widespread nihilism. The situation worsened after the brutal military suppression of the Democracy Movement in 1989. The author expresses his deep concern for the "fate of socialism" in China, where communism and capitalism are irrevocably intertwined. Meisner's insightful analysis compels one to look beyond the phenomenal results of market reform to ponder the moral and spiritual future of the nation. His thesis may be "unfashionable," as the author himself states, but the issues raised are alarming. Recommended for all academic libraries.?Mark Meng, St. John's Univ. Lib., Jamaica, N.Y.
Copyright 1996 Reed Business Information, Inc.
From Booklist
Deng's doctor and daughter have offered assessments; so have a number of Western journalists and sinologists. In examining the history of the world's most populous nation since its revolution--and particularly over the nearly two decades Deng Xiaoping has dominated--historian Meisner takes socialism seriously as "an integral part of contemporary Chinese history, continuing in new forms the century-long quest of Chinese intellectuals to avoid the painful vicissitudes of capitalism." After a brief, cogent overview of the Mao Zedong era and Mao's legacy, Meisner thoroughly reviews Deng's rise to power, the two democracy movements he manipulated and then crushed (1978^-81, 1986^-89), and the social and economic impact of the "market reforms" Deng's government has implemented. Although Deng promised China's people "socialist democracy," Meisner argues that his policies have instead produced "bureaucratic capitalism" : an anomalous amalgam that has raised the standard of living for many (perhaps even most) Chinese but offers neither the protections of socialism nor the freedoms of democracy. Appropriate for larger Asian studies collections. Mary Carroll
Most helpful customer reviews
12 of 13 people found the following review helpful.
Balanced and informed
By Tor A.
This is the detailed story about how China during the Deng Xiaoping era was transformed from a socialist or quasi-socialist dictatorship to a capitalist dictatorship, but without giving up the socialist slogans. In the words of the author (pp. 492-3): "China today is experiencing, on a massive scale and in extreme forms, all the social evils of Western capitalism that modern Chinese intellectuals and political leaders sought for over a century to avoid. [...] That century-long quest now appears to have been all but abandoned. In the 1980s, China's leaders gradually reconciled themselves to enduring the vicissitudes of a capitalist regime-that "social anarchy which turns every economic progress into a social calamity," as Marx so acutely and forebodingly described the workings of capitalism." In my view, the book is very well written and well argued. Above all, it is free from the irritating Western bias that mar many books on China. Thus, the author more than once takes pains to explode myths about modern China, e.g. the popular impression that the Mao era was a period of economic stagnation (p. 188). But Meisner's story is in no sense the story about China's transformation from a socialist paradise to a capitalist hell. On the contrary, the book seems to me to be very balanced and credible. Recommended!
3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
Superb study of China under Deng
By William Podmore
This is a superb study of China under Deng Xiaoping.
Meisner first looks at China's achievements under Mao. He notes, "From 1952 to the mid-1970s, net agricultural output in China increased at an average per annum rate of 2.5 percent, whereas the figure for the most intensive period of Japan's industrialization (from 1868 to 1912) was 1.7 percent."
Meisner writes, "Between 1952 and the close of the Mao era, steel production increased from 1.4 to 31.8 million tons; coal from 66 to 617 million tons; cement from 3 to 65 million tons; timber from 11 to 51 million tons; electric power from 7 to 256 billion kilowatt hours; crude oil from virtually nothing to 104 million tons; and chemical fertilizer from 39,000 to 8,693,000 tons. By the mid-1970s, China was also producing substantial numbers of jet airplanes, heavy tractors, railway locomotives, and modern oceangoing vessels. The People's Republic also became a significant nuclear power, complete with intercontinental ballistic missiles. Its first successful atomic bomb test was held in 1964, the first hydrogen bomb was produced in 1967, and a satellite was launched into orbit in 1970."
He praises "the Mao regime's striking successes in transforming China from one of the world's most backward agrarian countries into the sixth-largest industrial power by the mid-1970s."
He observes, "It has often been pointed out that conventional measurements of income and consumption are inadequate indicators of the actual standard of living and the quality of life. It is also necessary to take into account public consumption in such elemental and essential realms as education, health care, sanitation, and welfare provisions for the elderly and the destitute - matters not easily quantifiable in standard economic calculations. In all of these areas the Mao regime achieved great social progress, and by most key social and demographic indicators the People's Republic compared favorably not only with other low-income countries such as India and Pakistan but also with `middle-income' countries whose per capita GNP was five times that of China." Meisner cites Carl Riskin who wrote, "China's poor emerged from the Maoist era significantly better off than the poor of most other developing countries."
Meisner then turns to examining China under Deng. He points out, "To no small degree, the agrarian successes of the Deng era capitalized on the economic foundations laid during the Mao era. ... Certainly the higher yields obtained on individual family farms during the early Deng era would not have been possible had it not been for the vast irrigation and flood-control projects - dams, irrigation works, and river dikes - constructed by collectivized peasants in the 1950s and 1960s."
As Riskin noted, "The beginning of the spurt in agricultural growth preceded both the price changes and the more radical decollectivization measures. Total agricultural output surged forward by 8.9 per cent in 1978 and 8.6 per cent in 1979, whereas in early 1980 only about 1 per cent of farm households had adopted any form of HRS [household responsibility system]." Under HRS, individual households owned the means of production - land, capital, machinery and labour power.
Meisner observes, "The old problem of the fragmentation of farming units, which collectivization was partly designed to solve and was largely successful in accomplishing, has reappeared with the return to individual family farming. ... This new fragmentation of the land virtually precludes the mechanization of agriculture, which many agronomists believe is the most promising way to achieve significant and sustained progress in future years. ... Perhaps the most serious long-term consequence of the Deng regime's rural reform policies has been the enormous growth of socio-economic inequality in the countryside and the creation of new class divisions which virtually guarantee social conflicts ..."
He writes, "With the abolition of the commune system and the commercialization of agriculture, nearly 200 million rural dwellers, about half the total rural workforce, were rendered redundant, unable to subsist on the land." And, "With the abolition of the communes, the rural social security and health-care systems largely disappeared, and the government has done little to replace them."
Meisner points out, "It is ironic that just as China's leaders were most vigorously denying the existence of a bureaucratic ruling class in the People's Republic, they were introducing policies that were to generate - in an extraordinarily short period of time - a capitalist economy and a bureaucratic bourgeoisie to preside over it. The rapid expansion of market relationships, the enormous growth in foreign trade, the influx of foreign capital, the decollectivization of agriculture, the encouragement of private enterprise of all sorts, and the various forms of decentralization that loosened central control over the economy combined to breed corruption in epidemic proportions and to transform many Communist bureaucrats into quasi-capitalist entrepreneurs ..."
He asserts, "As has been true of the histories of all capitalist economies, the power of the state was very much involved in establishing China's labor market. Indeed, in China a highly repressive state apparatus played a particularly direct and coercive role in the commodification of labor, a process that has proceeded with a rapidity and on a scale that is historically unprecedented."
He notes, "Frenetic and chaotic industrialization continued to poison the air and water, and further shrank the acreage of land under cultivation. Industrial accidents reached frightening proportions, killing an estimated 20,000 workers annually in the early 1990s, and injuring many more."
Of China during the `reform era', Meisner concludes, "The economic gains have been spectacular. The social results are calamitous." As Marx observed, capitalism is a "social anarchy which turns every economic progress into a social calamity."
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