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An important new interpretation of the American colonists' 150-year struggle to achieve independence
"What do we mean by the Revolution?" John Adams asked Thomas Jefferson in 1815. "The war? That was no part of the Revolution. It was only an effect and consequence of it." As the distinguished historian Thomas P. Slaughter shows in this landmark book, the long process of revolution reached back more than a century before 1776, and it touched on virtually every aspect of the colonies' laws, commerce, social structures, religious sentiments, family ties, and political interests. And Slaughter's comprehensive work makes clear that the British who chose to go to North America chafed under imperial rule from the start, vigorously disputing many of the colonies' founding charters.
When the British said the Americans were typically "independent," they meant to disparage them as lawless and disloyal. But the Americans insisted on their moral courage and political principles, and regarded their independence as a great virtue, as they regarded their love of freedom and their loyalty to local institutions. Over the years, their struggles to define this independence took many forms, and Slaughter's compelling narrative takes us from New England and Nova Scotia to New York and Pennsylvania, and south to the Carolinas, as colonists resisted unsympathetic royal governors, smuggled to evade British duties on imported goods (tea was only one of many), and, eventually, began to organize for armed uprisings.
Britain, especially after its victories over France in the 1750s, was eager to crush these rebellions, but the Americans' opposition only intensified, as did dark conspiracy theories about their enemies―whether British, Native American, or French.
In Independence, Slaughter resets and clarifies the terms in which we may understand this remarkable evolution, showing how and why a critical mass of colonists determined that they could not be both independent and subject to the British Crown. By 1775–76, they had become revolutionaries―going to war only reluctantly, as a last-ditch means to preserve the independence that they cherished as a birthright.
- Sales Rank: #968581 in Books
- Published on: 2014
- Released on: 2014-06-10
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.29" h x 1.56" w x 6.26" l, 1.66 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 487 pages
From Booklist
Most accounts of the American Revolution view 1763 as a critical year. With the end of the French and Indian War and of so-called salutary neglect, Parliament was determined to govern the colonies more directly; it did so by levying taxes and firmly enforcing the Navigation Laws controlling aspects of American commerce. The following dozen years saw an escalating cycle of resistance and repression culminating in the Revolutionary War. Slaughter, a professor at the University of Rochester, places the roots of rebellion against British authority much earlier. Even in the early seventeenth century, observers from Britain described colonists in New England as rebellious and fervent defenders of their independence from British interference. Slaughter describes a series of disturbances and uprisings against British imperial control over two centuries. He stresses that sheer distance from Britain, the vastness of British North America, and a variety of local resentments of imperial officials were factors. This well-written and well-researched study offers an interesting perspective that merits serious consideration. --Jay Freeman
Review
“Thomas P. Slaughter has done a magnificent job in reinterpreting how the United States was born, and he ably shows us how inflamed the American colonists were by the British Crown from the seventeenth century on. His scholarship is impeccable. I highly recommend his book.” ―Douglas Brinkley, professor of history at Rice University and historian for CBS News
“Part of the task of the historian is to navigate the reader through the mists of the past and arrive at a new place of understanding. Thomas Slaughter has done just that with his new interpretation of the American Revolution, Independence: The Tangled Roots of the American Revolution. The book takes the reader beyond the familiar area of what happened in the revolution and instead focuses on the less familiar areas of why . . . Slaughter's book provides a wealth of research that is fastened together into a coherent, brisk narrative. Anyone interested in learning about the roots of conflict that help explain the American Revolution should make sure to read this book.” ―Kasey S. Pipes, The Dallas Morning News
“Slaughter's achievement, bringing together an enormous amount of material in a readable . . . narrative, is formidable.” ―Andrew Cayton, The Chronicle of Higher Education
“Only bold historians will attempt one-volume histories of the American Revolution's origins; Slaughter brings his off brilliantly. Rarely, if ever, has this history been told with such graceful readability, freshness, and clarity. It's mostly narrative history, with Slaughter, a biographer and historian of American naturalists and the early republic, avoiding academic arguments while introducing some of the latest academic perspectives. The major one is to place the coming of the Revolution in its world-historical context and show how colonial events were linked to developments in India, Europe, and elsewhere. Slaughter's . . . organizing theme is applied lightly and never intrudes on the hard-to-put-down tale, filled with apt quotations and captivating human portraits . . . As a political, event-filled history of its subject, this masterful work is unsurpassed.” ―Publishers Weekly (starred review)
“Mr. Slaughter's book makes one thing refreshingly clear. Americans of the 1770s did not seek to destroy or to cast off but to claim what they assumed had been theirs all along.” ―Barton Swaim, The Wall Street Journal
“The panoramic narrative moves from clashes with the French in Canada, to dark alleys in Manhattan, to conflicts in the backwoods of Pennsylvania and North Carolina, disputes over land claims in New Jersey, discussions of internal political struggles in Maryland, various Colonial-wide boycotts, religious controversies in Virginia, then across the globe to India, back again to the waters of Narragansett Bay and Boston's rowdy waterfront taverns, and ending with an in-depth analysis of the debates in Parliament over what to do with the ‘American spirit,' as Edmund Burke put it . . . Slaughter's skills as a writer keeps the narrative moving. Slaughter will force even the most veteran student of the Revolution to reconceptualize the always captivating origin story.” ―Eric J. Chaput, The Providence Journal
“Finely researched . . . Slaughter looks carefully at the influence on the colonies of Britain's empire-making across the globe, from India to the Ohio Valley, Nova Scotia to the Caribbean . . . The author underscores the vastly different views about "independence" versus "separation" held by the British and the colonists. The British were bewildered by the colonists' pursuit of "anarchy and confusion," while the colonists were first and foremost deeply rooted in a sense of personal liberty of conscience above any act of government. Erudite and fascinating.” ―Kirkus
“While the book bears a superficial resemblance to a more general work on the subject . . . it goes significantly beyond by maintaining a clear concentration on the transformation of the concept of independence into the reason for armed resistance and warfare. The scope of the book is impressive, covering beyond the original 13 colonies. For example, Slaughter uses Nova Scotia to illustrate the emerging tension between British desire to control and colonists' de facto independence on the fringe of the empire . . . A notable and stimulating title for both general readers and specialists interested not just in the immediate years leading to revolution but the many decades before.” ―Charles K. Piehl, Library Journal
About the Author
Thomas P. Slaughter is the author of The Beautiful Soul of John Woolman, Apostle of Abolition (Hill and Wang, 2008) and four other books. He is the Arthur R. Miller Professor at the University of Rochester and the editor of Reviews in American History.
Most helpful customer reviews
29 of 30 people found the following review helpful.
a very readable history
By Lawrence Meyer
This is a very readable history of the Revolution whose strength is to make its causes less encumbered with its ideological and intellectual sources and more focused on the bread and butter economic and political issues. In brief it contends that, by about 1763, the American colonies had had so much experience governing themselves that England's effort to retrospectively bring the American colonies into line with the policies England needed to profit by its growing imperial possessions was bound to fail. To some degree, acquiring control of Canada and India, through military conquest, forced out the 13 American colonies, whose association with England had historically formed along a different line. Americans resented the cultural stereotype that was being imposed on them of being second class (or worse) members of the empire. Every step England took to bring the "colonies" into line with the new needs of imperial administration reeked of condescension. On many occasions, the Americans saw that England was imposing upon them decisions that favored its relations with other components of the empire, and sacrificed their interests.
The book is especially good at showing how the experiences of colonies usually understated in other histories -Maryland, South Carolina, North Carolina - essentially aligned with that of the colonies with stronger government and intellectual leadership, such as Massachusetts and Pennsylvania. To such an extent that it was possible to reach very broad consensus and agree rhetoric about what the Revolution was aiming for. To achieve a consensus for war under the circumstances was not that likely. Yet the book tries to be evenhanded and eschews some of the exceptionalism and "immaculate conception" halo of awe and reverence that shrouds some histories of the American Revolution. There were a lot of rowdies among the good guys. Among English politicians were many who thought the Americans were right on most counts.
8 of 8 people found the following review helpful.
A comprehensive response to John Adams' question, "What do we mean by revolution?"
By Robert Morris
The question posed by Adams in a letter to Thomas Jefferson evokes others such as "What were the roots of the process that led to the Declaration of Independence?" and "What could have -prevented the war that followed? In the same letter, Adams then suggests, "The Revolution was in the minds of the people, and this was effected from 1760 to 1775, in the course of fifteen years before a drop of blood was drawn at Lexington." In fact, as Thomas Slaughter suggests, its roots were indeed "tangled."
As early as 1689, colonials were already outraged by the fact that they did not have the same rights and representation as those in Britain did. "Disputes over sovereignty had begun in the seventeenth century with the very first charters on which the colonies based their claims; they continued as the colonies made treaties and waged war with Indians, skirted the Navigation Acts of 1651-1673, and then turned violently against British authority in Bacon's Rebellion and the colonial uprisings associated with the Glorious Revolution of 1689."
As I worked my way through Slaughter's narrative, I kept asking myself, "Why wasn't independence declared sooner?" Slaughter suggests several reasons, all of them plausible. At one point, he discusses "social processes across the colonies " that had to be completed. That makes sense but surely there were other factors at play. The aforementioned "rights" that had been denied to colonials, for example, the thoroughly discussed issue of taxation without representation. I tend to view the timing of the Declaration as being about right, after every effort had been to redress various grievances. Those in authority in Britain - including King George - were primarily concerned about controlling the colonies and had little (if any) interest in addressing anything else.
Thomas Slaughter does a brilliant job of untangling various "roots," while suggesting, "Americans did not win separation from the British Empire, but they declared their independence in 1776, as they had been doing individually and collectively for the first 170 years...Americans continue to seek the independence at the core of our culture. It remains the lodestone of our politics, our ideology, and our wish for the rest of the world, and it I an anchor that inhibits our ability to define community broadly and generously. It is who we are and what we are - a link to our past, a defining feature of our present, and our legacy for the future."
Those who share my high regard for this book are urged to check out three others: John Ferling's Setting the World Ablaze: Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and the American Revolution, Edmund S. Morgan's American Heroes: Profiles of Men and Women Who Shaped Early America, and Bernard Bailyn's The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution.
3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
Great, in-depth context for the "why" of the American Revolution
By R. W. Levesque
This book is not about the American Revolution, but about how it came to be. Slaughter begins by reviewing how the colonies evolved, pointing out that the original colonists were already disinclined to follow London's lead. After all, New England was founded by Puritans, Maryland by Catholics, and Pennsylvania by Quakers, all groups that left the mother country to avoid oppression and to establish their view of what government should be.
Slaughter then reviews additional factors that contributed to the breakup. He reviews religion, which was a major issue across the colonies, and how attempts to bring the colonies under one Anglican bishop with all that implied was negatively perceived across the board and seen as an infringement on their rights. He reviews how economic laws passed in England disrupted the colonies' economies at all economic levels. He addresses how British soldiers, essentially left in the colonies after the Seven Years War or French and Indian War to occupy the colonies, were perceived as and "occupation force" that had to be paid for by, and quartered with, the colonists. And, as is popularly known, the variety of taxes England attempted to levy on the colonists that led to the well-known phrase, "no taxation without representation." At the same time other issues led to additional distrust of Parliament to include corrupt customs agents, the erratic and arbitrary enforcement of Parliament's laws, and an attempt by England to decouple the judiciary and colonial governors' salaries from local legislatures so they would not be accountable to local government. All of this, coupled with laws designed to punish the colonists, primarily Massachusetts after the Boston Tea Party, pushed the colonies as a group over the edge into rebellion.
In the end Slaughter paints a picture of two peoples with different views of everything from religion to government who continuously spoke past each other while trying to resolve their differences. Whereas the colonies perceived themselves as Englishmen with all the rights that implied, and saw themselves as independent of Parliament but UNDER the king, Parliament saw the colonists as dependents UNDER Parliament, and continuously worried that the colonies wanted independence from England. This led to the colonists believing they were being ignored on key issues (noted above) important to them since they did not have representatives in Parliament, and it led Parliament to enact increasingly harsh laws they believed would bring the colonists to heal, but, in the end, drove them away.
All-in-all Slaughter has written a very good history providing the context for the American Revolution. What makes it good is that it doesn't oversimplify the issues; instead it addresses the many interrelated variables that led to the end, and he does it while presenting both sides of the argument. In the end, you walk away feeling that, for a variety of reasons, there really was no way to reconcile the two perspectives.
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