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A War of Frontier and Empire: The Philippine-American War, 1899-1902, by David J. Silbey
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It has been termed an insurgency, a revolution, a guerrilla war, and a conventional war. As David J. Silbey demonstrates in this taut, compelling history, the 1899 Philippine-American War was in fact all of these. Played out over three distinct conflicts―one fought between the Spanish and the allied United States and Filipino forces; one fought between the United States and the Philippine Army of Liberation; and one fought between occupying American troops and an insurgent alliance of often divided Filipinos―the war marked America's first steps as a global power and produced a wealth of lessons learned and forgotten.
First-rate military history, A War of Frontier and Empire retells an often forgotten chapter in America's past, infusing it with commanding contemporary relevance.
- Sales Rank: #774693 in Books
- Published on: 2008-03-04
- Released on: 2008-03-04
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.50" h x .65" w x 5.50" l, .58 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 272 pages
From Publishers Weekly
Silbey, a historian at Alvernia College, merits praise for the best brief introduction to the complex subject of the U.S. conquest of the Philippines now available. Synthesizing a broad spectrum of published scholarship from both Philippine and American sources, he convincingly establishes that the Philippine-American War included three separate conflicts. The first was a Filipino-American war against Spain, which the Filipinos were on the point of winning by themselves. In the second, the U.S. decisively outfought the embryonic Philippine Republic. Silbey establishes the U.S. decision to annex the Philippines as a transition from a frontier to a global ethos, incorporating spiritual, modernist and Darwinian elements, aided by the American army. However, that lost war defined Filipino national identity—far more so than the third war, which was a guerrilla conflict between the U.S. armed forces and an increasingly locally focused insurgency. Though the American victory involved episodes of brutality, Silbey demonstrates that it was sufficiently quick, decisive and humane, and the former opponents cooperated so amicably, that Americans were arguably deceived regarding the general prospects of reconciling enemies. As America contributed to Philippine nationalism by establishing economic, social and linguistic connections, he shows that Filipino defeat came to look like victory. (Mar.)
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
From Booklist
After the overwhelming American victory in the Spanish-American War, President McKinley, after considerable (he claimed) soul-searching, decided to annex the Philippine Islands. His move provoked considerable opposition from anti-imperialist Americans. More importantly, it provoked outrage among various Filipino nationalist groups, who had been struggling to liberate the islands from Spanish control. The result was a complicated, confusing, and brutal war that kept the Philippines under American control and solidified the nation's role as a Pacific power. Silbey's chronicle of that conflict is fair and frequently surprising. As Silbey indicates, the Americans were hardly brutal imperialists; their motives for holding the islands were a mixture of self-interest and altruism. Although Filipino nationalists fought bravely, they were hindered by a fragmented political movement and erratic leadership. Silbey's portrait of the personality and career of Filipino icon Emilio Aguinaldo is particularly interesting. This is a well-researched examination of a struggle that, ultimately, helped forge a new nation out of disparate elements. Jay Freeman
Copyright © American Library Association. All rights reserved
Review
“A timely, deft reexamination… It is a quick and sobering study.” ―Peter Kneisel, The Boston Globe
“Ironic, bloody, full of foreshadowing: a solid work.” ―Kirkus Reviews (starred review)
“Mr. Silbey tells this little-known story in exemplary fashion.” ―Adam Kirsch, The New York Sun
Most helpful customer reviews
86 of 102 people found the following review helpful.
SERIOUSLY FLAWED
By Michael G. Price
Yes, the subject of the Philippine-American War has not been sufficiently treated. Yes (p.xv), "Too much of Philippine history has been ... framed from an outsider's perspective." And yes (p.219), "the literature on the Philippine-American War is not of particularly high quality, with a number of important exceptions." Regrettably, I wouldn't make this book an exception.
An associate professor of history, the author was in position to contribute some insights into the connections between the Philippine-American War and both European history and domestic American politics. If he has actually accomplished that with any skill, it is negated by the numerous errors permeating the book which cast doubt on the credibility of almost every pronouncement. Distractions caused by those errors sometimes made it difficult for me to follow analysis in the text, and I found myself wincing.
Personal and geographic names are often wrong. Sorsogon is almost
unrecognizable as Sargosan, Dagupan is Pagupan, Banaue (or Banawe) is
Banane, Cagayan is Cagayen, Mariquina (or Marikina) is Mariquini, Santo
Tomas is San Tomas, Gen. Henry Lawton is misnamed William, Gen. Mariano
Trias is Antonio, Gen. Vicente Lukban is Vincente Lukhban, Apolinario
Mabini is Apollinaro, Reynaldo (Rey) Ileto is Raymond, etc.
Strangely wrong statements abound. Guam is in the Carolines and
Batangas is a plural which appears as The Batangas. The crucial category of mestizo is overlooked in the analysis of Philippine society. Aguinaldo was said to have been in Europe in the Spring of 1898, and his family owned a plantation. Andres Bonifacio was an ilustrado, which is defined as upper-class or educated in Europe. Rizal's family members were implied to be insulares, meaning Spaniards born in the Philippines. The title of Rizal's novel Noli Me Tangere was said to be an appropriation of an American theme, an echo of the slogan "Don't mess with me" (p.12). The author may have intended a comparison with the early American snake flag Don't tread on me. However, Rizal explained that his title, from the biblical Latin meaning Touch Me Not, meant he was dealing with subjects previously taboo.
The author uncritically swallows the discredited thesis of Glenn May
that Andres Bonifacio was an invented hero, a thesis which he classifies
(p.223) as "On the Philippine side of things." The behavior of Gen. Daniel Tirona in Dec. 1899 is featured as the example of Filipino co-optation by the Americans, but the author fails to mention that Tirona was already notorious in Philippine history for his reported role in the rift of Filipino revolutionary forces, when he slanderously denounced Bonifacio at the Tejeros Conference of 1897. Then, soon after Tejeros, Tirona cravenly surrendered to the Spanish enemy. Might the author have missed that connection because of consistently misspelling Tirona as Tirono?
Two of the photos implied to show fighting in the Philippines were
probably taken in the U.S.: "Death in the ranks of the Kansans" and The
Twentieth Kansas Volunteers commanded by Frederick Funston. A photo
captioned A Spanish fort outside of Manila is actually a view of the walled city of Manila, Intramuros.
A longer review with further commentary on many dubious or debatable
declarations of the author is not merited, although I want to state my disagreement with his opinion (p. 31) that in 1898 there was a "long American tradition of noninterference in foreign affairs." The 1893 (not 1883) American overthrow of the Hawaiian government is indeed described in the book. And in just the Pacific, what about the forced trade treaties with Japan and in Indochina by battleship diplomacy, the demands for extraterritorial rights in China, the grabbing of a piece of Samoa?
4 July 2007.
1 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
An overview of the American-Phillippine War.
By Kevin M Quigg
This is about a 3.5 star on terms of readability and flow of content. There are obviously better books out there (Brian Linn's comes to mind). Sibley does a good job of describing the war with Spain, and then the subsequent one with the Philipine Republic. At a little over 200 pages, there is not much space to really go in depth about the various small battles that were a highlight of this war. It does a good job of describing the relations between the Philippine people and the American soldier.
The flow of this book keeps the reader interested. As I said, a 230 page book can only provide an overview of this conflict and its effect on both the Philippine people and the American public. For more information, read Brian Linn's book or another called Benovolent Assimilation. Both are more detailed about this little known conflict.
5 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
There are Better Books on The US-Philippine War
By Rocco
Previously, historians have framed the American-Philippine War in the context of an insurgency. David Silbey, however, argues that even though "at the time of the conflict, the Philippine nation was barely formed," to label the war as an insurgency disregards the fact that "the two sides were both states substantially sovereign, using conventional armies, fighting conventional battles, with conventional lines and weapons" (xvi, 215). It was indeed a war of revolution and freedom from imperial rule from the Philippine perspective and a war that inaugurated the United States as a "Pacific power" under the auspices of "a new manifest destiny that saw the United States as too powerful to confine itself to one continent or hemisphere" (213, 215). Silbey's tome provides a brief military and political analysis of the American-Philippine War, arguing that the war itself can be separated into three separate conflicts: The Filipino struggle against Spanish rule, the formal struggle against the U.S. military and the ensuing guerrilla war. Moreover, Silbey argues that the U.S. was not as brutal in the conflict or as an imperial power as is often portrayed. The transition to Philippine independence following WWII was eased due to the relationships that formed with Filipino elites who "came to an accommodation with the Americans," and "in essence agreeing to integration rather than submission" (208). Filipinos, although still viewed as "inferior" in American eyes, were still held in higher esteem than other races. Overall, Silbey's book provides a solid introduction and overview of the war.
In his first two chapters, Silbey lays out the relationship between the Philippines and their centuries old colonial masters, the Spanish, by the dawn of the twentieth century. He indicates the Spanish economic priority given to Manila, as well as the regional trade networks, while briefly discussing the role of the Catholic Church in the remaining islands. Furthermore, he details his "first conflict" in which Filipino forces unite, although loosely, under the leadership of the elitist Emilio Aguinaldo, throwing off Spanish control with the assistance of U.S. forces during the Spanish-American War. He also sets the stage for U.S. Pacific imperialism with the build-up of its naval forces (after the publishing of Mahan's groundbreaking book on naval power) and the "continuing sense of American exceptionalism" that demanded a "new frontier" (23-24).
Silbey introduces, arguably, the first "imperial president," William McKinley and the push toward war with Spain due to perceived Spanish mistreatment of Cubans, yellow journalism and the explosion of the USS Maine in his second chapter. Silbey informs the reader of McKinley's main rationales for keeping the Philippines as well as the key reasons for why war finally broke out between Filipino and American military forces. Throughout his book, Silbey also provides decent descriptions of the ambitions, relative to their roles in the war, of major U.S. political and military leaders such as Theodore Roosevelt, George Dewey, Arthur MacArthur, William McKinley and others. He also delves into the role of Emilio Aguinaldo and his struggles to unite the various generals and elites who represent the Filipino army and insurectos.
In the second conflict, Silbey accounts for the defeat of the Filipino army (the Army of Liberation), pointing out that it was predominantly a "patron army," whose leadership lacked unity. Key Filipino generals sought their own empowerment, including Aguinaldo who had at least one of his generals assassinated. Furthermore, following U.S. victory in 1899 (although this was in reality a perceived victory), the U.S. Senate, torn between imperialists and anti-imperialists, engaged in a heated debate over ratification of a treaty to annex the Philippines.
Silbey indicates a critical transition in the conflict in his fifth chapter. Here, he describes the impact of the Filipino decision to transition to guerrilla warfare. By turning to guerrilla warfare, Silbey contends, the populace was convinced that the hope for an independent nation was lost. Moreover, generals and other Filipino elites increasingly acquiesced to the Americans, taking government roles in the new U.S. administration. The U.S. established Western law codes (a supreme court, for example) as well as taxation systems under the guidance of local elites. However, by 1900, guerrilla attacks on U.S. forces in the Philippines were increasing while political (Taft) and military (MacArthur) officials "butted heads." Silbey's account of the guerrilla warfare of this period is eerily similar to the Vietnam War.
Although Silbey's account is militarily and politically focused, he does mention, in various chapters, issues of racial perceptions amongst American citizens and soldiers. Moreover, his comparisons between African-American and Filipino treatment by the U.S. is brief, but certainly appropriate. However, this played a larger role in the conflict than Silbey cares to admit. U.S. atrocities are barely mentioned. This book is, at best, a superficial analysis. I highly recommend Paul Kramer's Blood in Government rather than this work.
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