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Clash of Extremes: The Economic Origins of the Civil War, by Marc Egnal
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Clash of Extremes takes on the reigning orthodoxy that the American Civil War was waged over high moral principles. Marc Egnal contends that economics, more than any other factor, moved the country to war in 1861. Drawing on a wealth of primary and secondary sources, Egnal shows that between 1820 and 1850, patterns of trade and production drew the North and South together and allowed sectional leaders to broker a series of compromises. After midcentury, however, all that changed as the rise of the Great Lakes economy reoriented Northern trade along east-west lines. Meanwhile, in the South, soil exhaustion, concerns about the country’s westward expansion, and growing ties between the Upper South and the free states led many cotton planters to contemplate secession. The war that ensued was truly a “clash of extremes.” Sweeping from the 1820s through Reconstruction and filled with colorful portraits of leading individuals, Clash of Extremes emphasizes economics while giving careful consideration to social conflicts, ideology, and the rise of the antislavery movement. The result is a bold reinterpretation that will challenge the way we think about the Civil War.
- Sales Rank: #311789 in Books
- Brand: Brand: Hill and Wang
- Published on: 2009-01-06
- Released on: 2009-01-06
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.04" h x 1.45" w x 6.34" l, 1.50 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 432 pages
- Used Book in Good Condition
From Publishers Weekly
This incisive, if overstated, study locates economic interests rather than clashing ideologies and social systems at the roots of the Civil War. British historian Egnal (A Mighty Empire: The Origins of the American Revolution) traces America's polarization in the 1850s to antagonistic sectional economies. In the North, he contends, the Republican Party, beholden to a burgeoning Great Lakes economy and focused on promoting industrial growth, conceived its effort to ban slavery in America's Western territories—the issue that precipitated the war—in terms of the economic interests of Northern settlers. Conversely, he argues, Southern planters, their soils depleted, saw expansion of slave agriculture onto the fresh soils of those territories as a dire economic necessity; for them, secession was a rational act. Egnal's perceptive, fine-grained analysis of fragmentation within the North and South around local patterns of trade, agriculture and manufacturing is especially revealing. Still, economic motives alone don't seem powerful enough to have started a war without the atavistic forces of racism and nationalism energizing them. While not a sufficient account, Egnal's is an illuminating contribution to our understanding of the Civil War's causes. 11 maps. (Jan.)
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
From Booklist
The assertion that sectional economic interests rather than the slavery controversy provoked the Civil War goes back at least as far as Charles Beard, and even postwar Southern apologists (including Jefferson Davis) raged over Northern exploitation of the South; so Egnal is hardly reinventing the wheel. Still, he does offer some interesting, even original, perspectives that are well supported by data. In particular, Egnal shows how the strong economic bonds that united New England and the South in the first part of the nineteenth century had been superseded by an east-west axis as the economy of the Great Lakes region developed. He stresses the economic divide between Northern and Southern interests but fails to acknowledge that Southern reliance on slave labor (and, thus, overreliance on cotton) was at the heart of that divide. He also de-emphasizes the emotional flashpoint that slavery provided, despite the massive evidence available from both Northern and Southern newspapers and journals stoking the fires of sectional hostility. Nevertheless, this is a serious work that may well reignite a historical debate. --Jay Freeman
Review
“Challenging a great deal of modern scholarship, Clash of Extremes promises to be the most talked-about book in years on the origins of the Civil War.” —Daniel W. Crofts, The College of New Jersey “Egnal’s scholarship and detailed analysis of the data makes it hard to argue with the notion that the war, at least initially, was driven in large measure by economic factors . . . Essential reading for anyone with a serious interest in the American Civil War.” —Herbert White, History in Review “A contentious examination of how mid-century economic shifts powered secession.” —American History “Sure to provoke discussion.” —Kirkus Reviews “An illuminating contribution to our understanding of the Civil War’s causes.” —Publishers Weekly “A serious work that may well reignite a historical debate.” —Jay Freeman, Booklist “Marc Egnal offers both a correction and a challenge to historians of the Civil war in this important new interpretation . . . Egnal skillfully recounts how people made choices, how they changed, how they understood themselves and their world.” —A. James Fuller, Civil War Book Review “The author does not neglect the sins of the South, real and alleged, but his most original contribution is his description of a truly critical new development of the late antebellum period, which he calls ‘the Lake Economy.’ ” —Clyde Wilson, Chronicles “Marc Egnal challenges the popular view that the war was primarily about slavery. Egnal looks instead to economic factors, pointing out that most Northerners were racists who favored only the gradual extinction of slavery and that the early Republican Party, despite whatever idealism it upheld, was also interested in increasing the strength of Northern industry and commerce. Slavery, of course, was important in all this, but not until the war was well under way did the abolition of slavery gain traction either as public policy or rallying cry. Refreshingly, Egnal emphasizes the influence of individuals as well as social forces in the course of human events.” —David Luhrssen, Express Milwaukee “In lively and accessible prose, Egnal has succeeded in bringing back economics as a core factor in the coming of the Civil War. Readers are in for a delightful surprise as they explore his engaging analysis of how diverging economies produced conditions that led to secession.” —William L. Barney, author of The Making of a Confederate “Marc Egnal’s vigorous and original argument will inject new energy into the perpetually fascinating conversation about the meaning of the American Civil War.” —Edward L. Ayers, author of In the Presence of Mine Enemies, winner of the Bancroft Prize “A most welcome addition to the literature on Civil War causation. It is sure to spark healthy debate about the war’s origins.” —Michael F. Holt, author of The Fate of Their Country: Politicians, Slavery Extension, and the Coming of the Civil War
Most helpful customer reviews
28 of 32 people found the following review helpful.
Addressing the problems with the emphasis on slavery
By James W. Durney
The Emancipation Tradition maintains that slavery is the cause of the Civil War. The North found slavery so morally unacceptable that they were willing to make war to end it. The South found slavery so necessary that they were willing to make war to save it. The American Civil War becomes a huge battle between good and evil. The last line of this book says: "Economics more than high moral concerns produced the Civil War.' Disagreeing with the Emancipation Tradition is fraught with peril. The two Amazon editorial reviews imply that the author has missed the boat with this book and his ideas are questionable if not wrong.
This is not the most readable of books! Economic history does not leap off the page. There are no ringing phrases, heroic defenses or gallant charges to keep us involved. What we have is a series of intelligent well-supported arguments that support the author's thesis. The author using politics and economics demonstrates how the United States moved from a vertical North/South nation to a horizontal East/West nation. This movement destroyed the element of comprise that held off war for so many years. While allowing the growth of a northern party, bring it to national dominance in 1860.
In a series of well-presented logical chapters, we see how the vertical alignment of America created comprises. The two national political parties, Whigs and Democrats, had strengths in both the North & South. The Mississippi River system moved goods between the regions establishing dependence between them. The slave owning plantations feed cotton to the mills in the north. Northern merchants handled the international shipping for the South. One nation existed that needed comprises to maintain this system of trade. The national political parties, in both places could work together and build consensus.
This vertical nation started to break down as railroads and cannels linked the Great Lakes to the East. While more expensive, it was faster to ship goods to New York this way than down the Mississippi. This creates a northern block, looking for local internal improvements and independent from the South. The majority of the book traces the rise to power of this northern block and the southern response. Questions of tariffs, internal improvements and slavery become not national issues but regional ones. The author presents the views of all regions in their terms. This gives the reader a fuller understanding of how they see these developments and how this influences the local economy.
Is slavery important? Yes, the author fully covers the North's anti-slavery movement and Southern responses. He shows that anti-slavery did not mean acceptance of free blacks. Kansas was a free state for white labor that did not wish to compete with blacks as slaves or as freemen. One chapter deals with the North's raising anti-slavery sentiment and the general raciest attitudes and laws in most of the states. This is powerful stuff, raising real questions about how much did the North want to end slavery. Having read Evan carton's "Patriotic Treason" not long ago, this chapter was familiar and I could see how good the scholarship is.
The author follows this idea through the war and into Reconstruction. He makes a powerful case that economics has the single greatest impact. For those interested in the causes of the war this is an excellent book! It will challenge you with logical arguments bolstered by convincing examples. The author's ideas fit what happened and show that while anti-slavery was a major force; it was driven by economic realities. If you get a chance, read the first and second paragraphs on page seven in the Introduction. The author addresses the problems with the "current emphasis on slavery" and provides an excellent interpretation of causes for the war.
11 of 13 people found the following review helpful.
CLASH OF EXTREMES: THE ECONOMIC ORIGINS OF THE CIVIL WAR
By Robert A. Lynn
CLASH OF EXTREMES: THE ECONOMIC ORIGINS OF THE CIVIL WAR
MARC EGNAL
HILL AND WANG, 2010
HARDCOVER, $30.00, MAPS, TABLES, NOTES, INDEX, 432 PAGES
Between the years 1800 and 1860, arguments between the North and South grew more intense. One of the mainquarrels was about taxes paid on foreign goods: this tax was referred to as a tariff. Southerners believed that these tariffs were unfair and aimed toward them because they imported a wider variety of goods compared to the North's imports. Taxes were also levied on many Southern exports, an expense that wasn't always applied to Northern goods of equal value; an awkward economic structure allowed states and private transportation companies to accomplish this. Consequently, this affected Southern banks because they found themselves paying higher interest rates on loans made with banks in the North. The situation grew worse after several "panics", including one in 1857 that affected more Northern banks than Southern banks. Southern financiers found themselves burdened with high payments just to save Northern banks that had suffered financial losses through poor investments. The North and the West didn't agree on what was more important economically. The West focused on the canals and transportation necessary to get their products to market easier and to receive products from other parts of the country. Some Northerneers were invested in the cotton market (which involved many slaves) and were more concerned with getting the cotton to their mills to produce material for clothes. These tensions usually played out in politics at the local and national levels. Even within the political parties, economics caused problems. At times, the Northern Democrats would join the Northern Whig Party to pass bills beneficial to their part of the country in opposition to their Southern party members. Likewise, Southern politicians allied themselves with Northern politicians for their own section's benefit. Author Marc Egnal's CLASH OF EXTREMES: THE ECONOMIC ORIGINS OF THE CIVIL WAR writes that economics was more a cause of the War Between the States than was slavery. The book contains several charts and maps to help the reader better understand what he is discussing. Furthermore, endnotes and an index are added to complement this excellant book. Although it isn't a dry read, this book isn't for the general reader of the War Between the States that is looking for a military history. It is, however, highly recommended to those interested in the causes of the War Between the States as well as an economic history of the United States during this crucial time in our nation's history.
Lt. Colonel Robert A. Lynn, Florida Guard
Orlando, Florida
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Significant Contribution to Civil War Literature
By CFS
Mark Egnal makes a significant contribution to civil war literature by exploring the economic underpinnings of secession and civil war. Egnal's writing is highly analytical, logical, and well supported by ample primary sources and statistics. His analysis is even handed, and demonstrates that neither the Lost Cause or Lincoln Canonizaton schools of thought adequately explain the causes of secession and civil war.
In Mr. Egnal's words, "this work argues that more than any other concern, the evolution of Northern and Southern economies explains the Civil War." In that regard, Mr Egnal makes a compelling case that slavery was a necessary but not sufficient factor in causing secession and the war. Engal analyzes attitudes about slavery and economics on state-by-state basis and in doing so paints a complex picture of social and economic upheaval that challenges simplistic assumptions about Northern and Southern attitudes and priorities.
In his state-by-state analysis, Mr. Egnal introduces us to many of the power players of the period, some that are well known to civil war enthusiasts and others who have been obscured by the passage of time. My only complaint is that he provides so much background information on even the less significant players that it tends to sidetrack his narrative. (On the plus side, when I drove past the Rhett Ave exit in Charleston last week, I realized (thanks to this book) that it was named after one of the leading "fire-eating" secessionists...always interesting to know the backstory of street names I guess.)
I read Clash of Extremes right after finishing Lincoln and the Decision for War. The latter book details how Northern politics influenced the secession crisis. The two are excellent companion pieces that when taken together lead the reader to a much richer understanding of the causes of secession and civil war. I highly recommend they be read together or in quick succession.
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