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1831: Year of Eclipse, by Louis P. Masur
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1776, 1861, 1929. Any high-school student should know what these years meant to American history. But wars and economic disasters are not our only pivotal events, and other years have, in a quieter way, swayed the course of our nation. 1831 was one of them, and in this striking new work, Louis Masur shows us exactly how.
The year began with a solar eclipse, for many an omen of mighty changes -- and for once, such predictions held true. Nat Turner's rebellion soon followed, then ever-more violent congressional arguments over slavery and tarrifs. Religious revivalism swept the North, and important observers (including Tocqueville) traveled the land, forming the opinions that would shape the world's view of America for generations to come. New technologies, meanwhile, were dramatically changing Americans' relationship with the land, and Andrew Jackson's harsh policies toward the Cherokee erased most Indians' last hopes of autonomy. As Masur's analysis makes clear, by 1831 it was becoming all too certain that political rancor, the struggle over slavery, the pursuit of individualism, and technological development might eclipse the glorious potential of the early republic--and lead the nation to secession and civil war. This is an innovative and challenging interpretation of a key moment in antibellum America.
- Sales Rank: #24607 in Books
- Color: Other
- Brand: Brand: Hill and Wang
- Published on: 2002-02-09
- Released on: 2002-02-09
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.50" h x .61" w x 5.50" l, .55 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 272 pages
- Used Book in Good Condition
From Library Journal
Masur (history, CUNY) has done a superb job of creating a richly textured account of a portentous year in American history: 1831 marked the year that the Southern oligarchy quit discussing the possible abolition of slavery and William Lloyd Garrison began his strident demand for abolition of the peculiar institution. The Nullification Crisis and the Indian Removal Act further exacerbated sectional differences. North-South fissures of the body politic also found expression in the battles between the National Republicans and the Democrats. Yet Union sentiment remained strong, and all Americans seemed to share a common drive toward material prosperity. Sadly, sectionalism eventually eclipsed national commonalties and thus fostered the fraternal bloodbath that erupted 30 years later. It is the dichotomy between consensus and conflict that Masur captures through the skillful use of memoirs, letters, diaries, newspapers, and first-person accounts. This is a work of traditional history: a good story grounded in primary sources. Recommended for public and academic libraries.DJim Doyle, Sara Hightower Regional Lib., Rome, GA
Copyright 2001 Reed Business Information, Inc.
From Booklist
The search for history's turning points seems universal. In this brief, cogent volume, City University of New York historian Masur argues that 1831 was a turning point for the young American nation. The roots of future conflict were clear in Garrison's founding of The Liberator, growing regional conflict over slavery and states' rights, and, in the summer of 1831, Nat Turner's Virginia rebellion. A religious revival in the North contributed to the reform movements of future decades. Critical decisions were made about how the U.S. would deal with the continent's indigenous peoples and with the nation's economy. New technologies, including railroads and Cyrus McCormick's reaper, were beginning to change American life. With James Monroe's death on July 4, Madison was the only living participant in the nation's founding; Andrew Jackson's administration brought a different class and vision to government. In 1831, Alexis de Tocqueville began his tour of the U.S., while Frances Trollope ended hers, and John James Audubon initiated work on his magisterial Birds of America. A gracefully written study of a sometimes ignored period of U.S. history. Mary Carroll
Copyright © American Library Association. All rights reserved
Review
“It was the year of Nat Turner's slave rebellion, of the launching of Garrison's Liberator, of Tocqueville's visit to the United States, of Cyrus McCormick's invention of the mechanical reaper, and of many other pivotal events. Annus mirabilis, 1831 became the hinge of fate for the future of America, both good and ill. Louis Masur has captured the flavor of this crucial year in this captivating book.” ―James M. McPherson
“Louis Masur has set himself up in a propitious perch astride the end of republican America and the ascendance of that messier thing called democracy. It is as if Alexis de Tocqueville returned and, with all the advantages of historical hindsight, rewrote his classic account of modern America's birth.” ―Joseph J. Ellis
“Not since Bernard De Voto's Year of Decision, 1846, published almost sixty years ago, have we had such a creative, well-intergrated work about a pivotal and defining moment in the nation's history. 1831 is filled with fresh and little-known information skillfully woven into a more familiar and highly meaningful narrative.” ―Michael Kammen
Most helpful customer reviews
10 of 10 people found the following review helpful.
Uneasy Equipoise
By Panopticonman
In 1831 YEAR OF ECLIPSE, Lewis Masur suggests that 1831 was perhaps the pivotal year between the post-revolutionary era when America was busy enacting the promises of its great contracts, the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution and enjoying its new freedoms inscribed therein, and the pre-Civil War era, when all the underlying social and economic tensions submerged in those documents boiled to the surface.
Skillfully he shows how these tensions were manifested in Nat Turner's rebellion, the founding of THE LIBERATOR by William Lloyd Garrison, the radical religious fervor of Charles Finney, the evangelist, and the industrial utopianism of Robert Dale Owen. He shows the rise of the anti-elite democrats as exemplified through Andrew Jackson's fight with the Federalists over the Bank of the United States, and the power of social censure as practiced by Washington's social elite when they forced Jackson's "firing" of certain cabinet members who condoned another member's too hasty remarriage after his first wife's death. The Anti Masonic convention in Baltimore in 1831-1832 is emblematic of the seizure of power from the Federalists. He shows us how the genocide of the Cherokee's Trail of Tears was prompted by designs of speculators for their land, and how Marshall and the Supreme Court acceded to those expansionist desires through a peculiar reading of the status of the Cherokee status as a "nation" was revised to "citizens" so they could be removed at will. The Nullification "movement" over tariffs also came to head, and though the South did not withdraw from the Union, the States Rights doctrine which became the ideology of the slavocracy was put definitively into play.
The chapter covering abolition and slavery, especially the pithy telling of the Nat Turner story and the furor and fear this small "revolution" set off is particularly well-told. Particularly striking is that Turner (who had taught himself to read) saw in the 1831 solar eclipse a portent from heaven that it was time to kill his oppressors. Using the lessons of the Bible, he cast himself as a redeemer who would free his people through a conflagration and bloodshed. Although the revolution was short-lived, Turner's rebellion had an enormous impact on Southern fears, serving to reinforce and justify the prevailing military and concentration camp culture. At the same time, Garrison's "Liberator" began to become a thorn in the side of slavers who considered such tracts as direct interference in their business. The Liberator and other abolitionist newspapers, books and tracts are banned from circulation by the slavocracy.
Masur amply shows that America in 1831, the promises of the revolution were being enacted in ways the Founding Fathers could not have foreseen and would not have endorsed. Contrary to their program, where a benevolent oligarchy of elite planter and merchant families would administer America to the obedient masses, a new more democratic America was taking shape. Max Weber, according to Lipset in "American Exceptionalism" believed changinng liberal societies be likened to a game of dice where the dice were "loaded" by tradition. And as time went on the dice became more and more "loaded" as the accretions of time and custom were sedimented into the society, eventually creating framing stories and commonsense views that closed the foundations of society to debate. 1831 was a watershed year, a year in which some sluices were opened and others closed, a time when the roiling waters of liberty and democracy were undermining the foundations of elites, when the promises of revolutionary America were being extended to, revoked from, or taken up focibly by its people. It is a fascinating time, and "1831 Year of Eclipse" lays out the key events of this era with admirable clarity.
35 of 37 people found the following review helpful.
History in Miniature
By Rob Hardy
You will probably be hard pressed to find anything memorable about the year 1831, which is a year unassociated with any particular battle or epochal event. Nonetheless, _1831: Year of Eclipse_ (Hill and Wang) by Louis P. Masur puts that American year under a historian's microscope and shows how the people making history then were bringing on the American future, for better or worse.
It was a year of eclipse, literally. On 12 February, there was a total eclipse of the sun that crept up the eastern seaboard. Some writers celebrated that people would be seeing the simple mechanics of the solar system following the laws of planetary motion, and that no modern would take the eclipse to mean a token of divine displeasure. It wasn't quite true; another author wrote that there was "a kind of vague fear, of impending danger - a prophetic presentiment of some approaching catastrophe." Some citizens sought out their families, that they might all die together. Actually, the eclipse was an anticlimax, not as dark or dramatic as the newspapers had predicted, and they and almanac editors were condemned for the fizzle.
But the eclipse was dramatic enough for one prophet, who "saw white spirits and black spirits engaged in battle, and the sun was darkened - the thunder rolled in the Heavens, and the blood flowed in streams." These are the words of Nat Turner, a slave and a literate preacher, who in August executed his plan of slave rebellion in Virginia. The reports of the horrors of the rebellion galvanized Virginians, and shook their foundations of economic happiness. Masur reports on the insistence of southern states that they be able to practice "nullification" of federal laws they thought unjust, an insistence that had President Jackson threatening to use force against them. 1831 saw the testing of the first reaping machine, and a boom in the railroads. It found visitors to the new nation impressed and appalled that, as a Frenchman wrote, "The sole interest which absorbs the attention of every mind is _trade_. It's the national _passion_... Money is the god of the United States."
Especially with reports from outside visitors, Masur's book gives an idea of just what sort of nation we were beginning to be. He describes the enthusiasm for religious revival, tent meetings that were supposed to bring reform of the individual and then of society. He describes the surprising political party of the Anti-Masons, who were sure that the Masons were the sort of conspiracy that some decry still today, who were the first third party in American history, and who invented the presidential nominating convention. He examines the first stirrings of a workers' movement. He shows Jackson as trying to hold the nation together, wiping out the Cherokee notions of nationhood, and destroying the National Bank which others saw as indispensable to the nation. What emerges is a sharply-written history in miniature, a panoramic view of an ordinary and extraordinary year during the maturing of the nation and the looming of the Civil War.
3 of 5 people found the following review helpful.
recommended
By A Customer
A nice quick read that I assume is aimed at a non-scholar general reader such as myself. One interesting feature is in the first few pages : there are some obvious parallels between 'year of eclipse' tales of pending doom and the Y2K hype a couple of years back.
I learned a lot from this fast paced, but thoroughly researched book and would suggest it to anyone with even a passing interest in what was going on during the subject era.
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